Methyl bromide alternatives for strawberry and tomato pre-plant uses: A meta-analysis

This paper reports the results of a meta-analytic synthesis of information from a large number of horticultural experiments that evaluated the technical feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives as soil fumigants in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cultivation in California, Florida, and Spain, and in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivation in Florida. A technically feasible alternative is defined as a treatment that provides pest control and crop yields similar to methyl bromide standard fumigation. We selected papers using five criteria, which jointly ensured inclusion of field experiments that contained usable information on at least three treatments—(1) an untreated control, (2) a methyl bromide treatment, and (3) a treatment that is an alternative to methyl bromide treatment. Because of the differences in regional cropping environments, we performed separate meta-analyses for four crop/region combinations. To explore the potential effects of missing information on past fumigation history and pest pressure on the results, we performed two sensitivity analyses, in which the set of usable field experiments included only those experiments in which the improvement of the methyl bromide treatment yield over the control yield was either 15% or 50%. Finally, the definition of several potential alternative chemical treatments took into account differences in formulations and application rates. The results we obtained do not support the technical superiority of methyl bromide over its alternatives. We found several potential alternatives for which we could not reject the hypothesis of technical feasibility, based on the experimental data for strawberries in California and Spain. In particular, the results on strawberry field experiments in California indicate that the estimated effect size of the treatment using 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin 65:35 formulation (applied at the standard rate) was close to the estimated effect size for methyl bromide. The results from strawberry and tomato field experiments in Florida were inconclusive. However, this does not establish that methyl bromide is technically superior to its alternatives. Given the data-related limitations of the analysis, standard protocols are necessary for conducting and reporting the experiments to allow for more meaningful synthesis of the experimental data.