生化需氧量检测标准现状与发展

水环境监测是切实推进生态文明建设的重要方面。生化需氧量（Biochemical Oxygen Demand，BOD）是在微生物存在下水体有机物生化降解所需的氧量。作为反映水中有机污染物含量的重要指标，在城镇、工业和农业农村环境等领域的监测工作中均不可忽视。该研究剖析了国内外关于BOD检测的标准和方法，总结了稀释接种法和微生物电极法以及更加与时俱进的测试方法。同时，对比分析了国内外标准排放限值的制定力度，从国家标准、地方标准、行业标准三个方面全面梳理了现行BOD标准体系建立的结构和框架，深入剖析了地方强制标准在国家法规、地方政策引导下建立的影响因素和执法部门监管、人民群众监督下实施的推动关系。从标准分布、制定力度、检测方法的迭代三个方面提出了标准体系的重点发展方向和制修订建议，以期为推动中国水环境保护和水资源利用提供支撑。

Current situation and development of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) detection standard

Abstract: Water quality monitoring is an essential step in the management of freshwater resources for better ecological civilization. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) refers to the consumed amount of dissolved oxygen during the biochemical reaction when the microorganisms decompose into the biodegradable organic matters in water. The higher BOD indicated that the more dissolved oxygen is consumed in water, leading to the accelerated reproduction of anaerobic bacteria, the corruption of organic substances, and the deterioration of water quality. The BOD can also be an important index to reflect the content of organic pollutants in water for the monitoring work of cities, towns, industries, agriculture, and rural areas. However, the actual detection of BOD is still lacking in generality and accuracy. The current standard system of BOD detection cannot fully meet the high efficiency of water environmental protection and intelligent integrated system at present. In this study, a systematic analysis was made on the standards and technologies of BOD detection in the world, including the "first-generation" dilution and seeding, the "second-generation" microbial electrode, and the "third generation" so far. Specifically, fluorescence labeling is the process of binding fluorescent dyes (tryptophan) to functional groups contained in biomolecules. The fluorescence intensity closely related to microbial activities can be converted into the corresponding BOD value. The near-infrared spectroscopy can be used to determine the BOD value, particularly depending on the absorption intensity of substances. A microbial fuel cell depends on the current intensity generated by the cell and transferred the coulomb charge directly related to the anode organic matter concentration. Furthermore, a comparison was made on the formulation of emission limits. The structure and framework of the current BOD standard system were summarized from three aspects, including the national, local, and industry standards. It is highly urgent to define the types of water pollutant discharge standards in the local community. Therefore, it is of great significance for accurate, scientific, and legal pollution control. Moreover, the influencing factors were determined for the establishment of local mandatory standards under the guidance of national regulations and local policies, as well as the promotion relationship between the supervision of law enforcement departments and the supervision of the community. As such, a mandatory standard system can also be established to support suitable management. Three aspects were evaluated, including the standard distribution, strength of formulation, and iteration of testing. Some recommendations were made on the key development direction and revision suggestions of the standard system, including the construction of local BOD standard system, the water quality testing, the domestic BOD emission, the accurate and precise testing, updating and revising the technical content of the standard in time, as well as the testing station under scientific surveys. The finding can provide strong support to promote environment protection and resources utilization for better ecological protection and high-quality development of water systems.