Inclusion Body Disease,A Worldwide Infectious Disease of Boid Snakes: A Review |
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| Authors: | Li-Wen Chang Elliott R Jacobson |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Environmental Science and Public Policy, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA;2. Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA;3. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA;4. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, 111 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA;1. Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA;2. Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA;1. Department of Biology II, Biocenter, University of Munich, Großhadernerstr. 2, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany;2. Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 17, Leipzig, Germany;1. School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4004, USA;2. Department Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, 501 S. Nedderman Drive, Arlington, TX 76019, USA;3. Department of Conservation and Research, The Toledo Zoo, P.O. Box 140130, Toledo, OH 43614-0130, USA;4. Bureau of Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, P.O. Box 366147, San Juan, PR 00936-6147, USA;5. Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Conservation, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23341, Río Piedras, PR 00931-3341, USA;1. Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA |
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| Abstract: | A disease called inclusion body disease (IBD) is seen worldwide in snakes that are members of the families Boidae and Pythonidae. Snakes affected by this disease often have neurological signs. A diagnosis is based on light microscopic examination of tissues for the presence of intracytoplasmic inclusions that consist of a unique protein that has been termed inclusion body disease protein (IBDP). In some cases, inclusions are found exclusively in the central nervous system, whereas in others they may be diffusely disseminated in multiple tissues. In a few cases, the IBD inclusions have overlapped in appearance with other types of nonviral intracytoplasmic inclusions. The specific etiologic agent of IBD remains unknown. Because the underlying cause of IBD is unknown, recent research has focused on understanding the formation and nature of IBDP. A monoclonal antibody has been developed against IBDP and is currently being used in immunodiagnostic assays to develop a reliable diagnostic test for IBD. This monoclonal antibody is going through rigorous validation testing and will provide more specificity and sensitivity than currently available routine histological diagnostics. Because large numbers of boas and pythons are being bred and sold for the pet trade, better diagnostic tests are needed to help develop IBD-free breeding colonies of these snakes. Further, because IBD is one of the few worldwide diseases of captive snakes, there is concern in many countries (e.g., Australia, where it has been identified in captive pythons) that it will become established in native wild populations. Thus, there is conservation value in developing better diagnostic tools for screening snakes intended for release as part of reintroduction programs. |
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