Canine scent detection of human cancers: A review of methods and accuracy |
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| Authors: | Emily Moser Michael McCulloch |
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| Affiliation: | 1. New College of Florida, Sarasota, Florida;2. Pine Street Foundation, San Anselmo, California;1. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;3. Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;2. Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour, Post?pu 36A, Jastrz?biec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;1. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK;2. Animal-Computer Interaction Lab, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK;3. Medical Detection Dogs, Great Horwood, UK;1. Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States;2. Department of Psychology, University of Florida, United States;1. Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;2. Ecology Group, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand |
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| Abstract: | Early detection of cancers, although essential for treatment effectiveness, can be difficult to achieve, and some tests introduce additional health risks. New, non-invasive detection methods with greater sensitivity and specificity are needed. Several authors have published research suggesting that dogs may be able to detect lung, breast, prostate, ovarian, and melanoma cancers by smelling skin lesions, urine, exhaled breath, and surgically extracted tumors. We conducted a systematic search using the PubMed and EMBASE databases to identify all known published data on canine scent detection of cancers. Of 531 potentially relevant publications, 11 full text articles were examined, and 5 were selected for inclusion in the review. Two studies involved dogs detecting breast cancer (sensitivity 88% using exhaled breath and 22% using urine; specificity was 98% and 20%, respectively), 1 involved bladder cancer (41% of urine samples detected), 1 involved melanoma (75–85.7% of in situ tumors detected), 1 involved lung cancer (sensitivity 99% and specificity 99% using exhaled breath), 1 involved ovarian cancer (sensitivity 100% and specificity 97.5% using thawed frozen tumor samples), and 1 involved prostate cancer (18% of urine samples detected). One study on ovarian cancer is in progress. Early successes with canine scent detection suggest chemical analysis of exhaled breath may be a valid method for cancer detection. Tests using exhaled breath showed better sensitivity and specificity than with urine. Future research should target other tumor types, and seek to identify what exhaled compounds may signal a cancer diagnosis. |
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