紫菜遗传育种研究进展

对中国紫菜(Pyropia/Porphyra)种质资源进行了详细的介绍,从育种技术、育种目标和育种成果3个方面综述了紫菜育种领域的研究进展。育种技术以选择育种、杂交育种和诱变育种为主,分子遗传育种在探索之中。育种目标在优质、高产的基础上,结合气候变化、不同海区环境,培育耐高温、耐低盐等抗逆性强的品种。目前,中国已培育出紫菜新品种6个,其中坛紫菜4个,条斑紫菜2个。最后,作者提出中国紫菜产业发展面临的一些问题,期望良种选育与产业发展相结合,为科研工作者进一步开展紫菜育种研究提供参考。

Advances in Pyropia(formerly Porphyra) genetics and breeding

Pyropia (formerly known as Porphyra) is an important large red algae (laver) that not only tastes delicious but also possesses several health-beneficial effects, such as antilipidemic and anti-ageing effects. In addition, Pyropia blades have a strong ability to absorb nitrogen and phosphorus and fix carbon, and its cultivation also plays an important role in the restoration and improvement of eutrophication in shallow seas. Herein, we introduce the germplasm resources of Pyropia in China and review the advances in its breeding technique, objectives, and achievements. At present, there are 24 species and varieties of laver in China, and they are mainly distributed from the south of the Huanghai and Bohai Seas to the southeast coast of Guangdong, and a few species are also common in Taiwan and Hainan Island. In the Huanghai and Bohai Seas, P. yezoensis, P. tenera, and P. katadai are the main species, and in the southeast coast, P. haitanensis, P. crispata, and P. dentata are the main species. Based on the natural groups and habitat environment, there are two cultivation areas, namely, the north and south of the Yangtze River cultivating P. yezoensis and P. haitanensis, respectively. Although the problem of seed quantity has been solved by traditional seedling methods, the problem of seed quality has not been resolved because inbreeding could easily decrease the quality of a cultivated germplasm. Therefore, genetic breeding of Pyropia is of great significance to promote its yield and quality. The breeding techniques of Pyropia have been improved with the progress in science and technology and with the accumulation of cultivation experience, through the initial field selection (selective breeding), mutation breeding and cross breeding, which are based on cell biology, and genetic engineering breeding. The purpose of genetic breeding of Pyropia is to provide varieties that meet the needs of production and development; therefore, the breeding objectives should also change with changes in production and market demand. In the early stage of breeding, yield and quality were used as key indicators to identify whether a variety is good. With changes in climate and marine environment, it is of great significance to cultivate varieties of Pyropia with high-temperature and low-salt resistance. At present, Chinese has cultivated 6 new varities of Pyropia, and 4 of them are P. haitanensis, 2 of them are P. yezoensis. Finally, we put forward some problems in the development of laver industry in China, assuming that superior seed selection and industrial development are interrelated. Overall, the paper provide useful information for further studies in Pyropia genetics and breeding.