东海及黄海南部渔业资源水文环境类群划分及其相关特征的初步分析

渔业资源管理正在由过去的单一物种管理向生态系统管理转变,基于生态系统的渔业管理(ecosystem-based fisheries management, EBFM)已成为新的发展方向,而定义和确定一个合适的生态系统是实施 EBFM 的重要前提。本研究基于 2014―2015 年 4 个季节的大面调查数据,根据渔业生物分布的水温、盐度、水深和经纬度等因素的季节特征,通过聚类方法把渔业生物划分出不同的生活习性偏好群,并就各类群对水文环境的偏好、空间分布和组成特征进行分析比较,以期为 EBFM 的实现提供一个生态系统划分方法的探讨。研究结果发现,调查海域的渔业生物可以分成 5 个类群,类群 1 为处于南部近海深水的高温、高盐水域的鱼种;类群 2 为南部外海深水的偏高温、偏高盐水域的鱼种;类群 3 为北部近岸浅水的偏低温、低盐水域的鱼种;类群 4 为中部偏近岸非深非浅水的中温、中盐水域的鱼种;类群 5 为北部近海偏浅水的低温、偏低盐水域的鱼种。从类群物种对水温偏好角度来看,类群 1的水温偏好明显偏向暖水,而类群 5 相对偏冷水,类群 4 属于暖水和冷水偏好同时并有类群;类群 2 和 3 的物种数量均相对较少,且均无冷水种,而后者相对偏暖,前者相对偏冷。从空间分布特点来看,类群空间呈块状分布,各类群块状之间有相连、包含、穿插等组合形式;各类群重心分布四季变化特征差异显著,类群 3、4 和 5,四季洄游起点与终点比较接近,洄游路径趋于完整的闭环;而类群 1 和 2,四季洄游起点与终点相差较远,不能形成完整洄游过程。从类群结构及组成来看,类群 1 在春、夏季的优势种分别为太平洋褶柔鱼(Todarodes pacificus)和大管鞭虾(Solenocera melantho);类群 2 在春、冬季的优势种分别为竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、日本海鲂(Zeus faber),夏、秋季的优势种均为刺鲳(Psenopsis anomala);类群 3 情况相对复杂,龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)除夏季外均处于优势,三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)在春、夏季为优势种,而黄鲫(Setipinna taty)在秋、冬季为优势种;类群 4和类群 5 均只有 1 个优势种,分别为带鱼(Trichiurus japonicus)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)。另外,本研究还提出研究对象在调查水域范围内的数据是否完整的检验方法,以及不同类群相对稳定的比例结构与生态功能之间的联系等探讨方向。

Preliminary analysis on the division of fishery resources based on hy-drological environment factors in the East China Sea and south of the Yellow Sea

Fisheries resource management is shifting from the management of single species towards the management of the whole ecosystem. Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is a relatively new concept and defining and identifying a suitable ecosystem is an important prerequisite for implementing EBFM. Based on survey data of four seasons from 2014 to 2015 in the East China Sea and south of the Yellow Sea, this study classified fishery organisms into different living habit preference groups by clustering according to the biodistribution seasonal characteristics of water temperature, salinity, water depth, latitude, longitude, etc. The preference for hydrological environment, characteristics of spatial distribution, and group composition structure among all groups were analyzed and compared, in order to probe an ecosystem division method for the realization of EBFM. The fishery organisms in the surveyed seas can be divided into five groups:group 1 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep southern offshore waters, group 2 has a preference for high-temperature and high-salt conditions in the deep waters of the southern open sea, group 3 has a preference for low-temperature and low-salt-water conditions in the shallow waters near the northern coast, group 4 has a preference for medium-temperature and medium-salt conditions in the intermediate waters near the central area, and group 5 has a preference for low temperature and low salt water conditions in the shallow northern offshore waters. From the perspective of water temperature preference of group species, group 1 obviously prefers warm water, while group 5 prefers cold water. The preference of group 4 was intermediate. From the perspective of spatial distribution characteristics, the group space is distributed in blocks, and there are combinations of combinations, inclusions, and interspersions among various groups. The different groups were concentrated in different areas in different seasons. The starting point of the migration of groups 3, 4, and 5 is close to the end point of the migration. For groups 1 and 2, the starting point and the ending point of the migration are far apart, and a complete migration could not be identified. In terms of group structure and composition, the dominant species in spring and summer of group 1 were flying squid (Todarodes pacificus) and mud shrimp (Solenocera melantho), respectively. In group 2, the dominant species of spring and winter were horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) and John dory (Zeus faber), respectively, and butterfish (Psenopsis anomala) was dominant both in summer and autumn. The situation of group 3 is relatively complicated, and the Indian Bombay duck (Harpadon nehereus) is dominant in all seasons except summer, the swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is dominant in spring and summer, and the scaly hairfin anchovy (Setipinna taty) is dominant in autumn and winter. For groups 4 and 5, there is only one dominant species each, the hairtail (Trichiurus japonicus) and the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis), respectively.