Use of carbofuran for control of eastern white pine cone and seed insects

The major insects that destroy cones and seeds of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., were controlled with soil applications of the systematic insecticide carbofuran in orchards at Murphy and Morganton, NC, U.S.A. Carbofuran applied once a year at rates of 4.5, 9.0 or 13.5 g AI (active ingredient) per cm of diameter at breast height protected trees from the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), the shieldbacked pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer), and the white pine cone borer, Eucosma tocullionana Heinrich. Control was reflected by increased cone survival and increased yields of filled seeds per cone. Increasing the rate of application from 4.5 to 9.0 or 13.5 g generally improved control, but the improvement was not of statistical or practical significance. Carbofuran was ineffective against a seed chalcid, Megastigmus atedius (Walker). White pine clones varied in inherent susceptibility to insect attacks.