Replacement of fishmeal by increasing levels of plant protein blends in diets for Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles |
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| Authors: | EM Cabral M Bacelar S Batista M Castro-Cunha ROA Ozório LMP Valente |
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| Institution: | 1. IRTA, Centre de Sant Carles de la Ràpita (IRTA-SCR), Unitat de Cultius Experimentals, Crta. del Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain;2. Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Iran;3. Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Athens, Greece;1. Department of Food Science, Aquaculture Section, Udine University, Udine, Italy;2. Department of Zootechnical and Food Inspection Science, Napoli University Federico II, Italy;3. Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Palermo University, Italy;1. CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental and ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal;2. REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;3. ACC, A. Coelho & Castro, Lda, Praça Luís de Camões, 15 R/C, 4490-441 Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal;4. REQUIMTE/DGAOT, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal;1. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2258, USA;2. Department of Scientific and Technological Research, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, Mexico;1. College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China;2. Shandong Shengsuo Aquatic Feed Research Center, Yantai 265601, PR China;3. Shandong Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration for Marine Ecology, Yantai 264006, PR China |
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| Abstract: | A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the growth potential and nutrient utilization of Senegalese sole fed diets containing increasing replacement levels of dietary fishmeal (FM) by mixtures of plant protein (PP) sources. Six extruded isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (55% crude protein and 8% crude fat on a dry matter basis) were fed to juvenile sole (mean initial body weight: 8 g ± 0.06) during 92 days. A reference diet containing FM as the main protein source (Control) was compared with five PP based-diets with increasing PP levels: 25% (PP25), 35% (PP35), 45% (PP45), 60% (PP60) and 75% (PP75). PP45, PP60 and PP75 diets were supplemented with crystalline amino acids to simulate the level present in the Control diet. The environmental impact of the tested diets was assessed through the determination of N and P budgets and calculating approximate Fish-in:Fish-out (Fi:Fo) ratios. Fish fed PP25 and PP75 reached a final body weight and daily growth index (DGI) similar to the Control group (P > 0.05). Diet PP45 displayed the lowest DGI (0.8 vs 1.3%), lowest protein efficiency ratio (1.03 vs 1.8) and highest FCR (1.7 vs 1.01). The dietary treatments with highest percentage of FM replacement (PP60 and PP75) displayed similar FCR values as the Control (1.2–1.0). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of protein varied between 77 and 85% and were not significantly affected by the PP inclusion level. Whole body protein and energy content did not differ significantly among treatments, but protein gain was significantly higher in the Control group compared to PP35, PP45 and PP60 groups. The results indicate that Senegalese sole can effectively cope with plant protein-based diets, but growth rate and nutrient gain mainly depend on the selection of adequate plant protein blends, rather than on the plant protein incorporation level. Sole fed the highest PP level (PP75) showed good growth performance, efficient dietary nutrient utilization and a lower Fi:Fo ratio compared to the Control. The present results clearly show that increasing FM replacement level can have a positive environmental impact as reduces P fecal waste and the fishmeal used per kg of sole produced. |
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