单季晚稻区应用生态工程技术控制水稻主要害虫的实践

以大量化肥和农药投入为特征的高度集约化生产方式导致我国稻田(尤其是单季晚稻)生态系统失衡、害虫猖獗、环境污染和农药残留超标等一系列问题。自2009年起,本课题组在浙江省宁波市单季晚稻区开展应用生态工程技术修复稻田生态服务功能、降低害虫种群、减少化肥农药使用的研究与实践。技术措施主要包括:一是调节生物多样性保护土著天敌数量;二是种植蜜源植物增强天敌控害功能;三是生物诱集减少害虫虫源基数;四是调整农药使用策略减少天敌杀伤;五是控肥降低害虫自然增长速率;六是集成简便、高效、省本生态控害技术。2013—2014年连续2年的调查结果表明,应用生态工程丰富了单季晚稻稻田生态系统中节肢动物生物多样性、增加了天敌种群数量,稻田生态功能得到良好修复,害虫被持续控制在较低的水平,杀虫剂的使用减少93.75%,比农民自防区平均减少12.42%氮肥量的情况下水稻产量增产9.99%,实现社会、经济、生态效益的有机统一。该技术体系对环境友好、简单易行,已成为国家主推技术,应用推广前景广阔。

Application of ecological engineering technology to control major insect pests in single-cropping late rice ecosystem

A series of problems including rice ecosystem imbalance, pest rampancy, environmental pollution and pesticide residues exceeding as well, have appeared as a result of the excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides in highly intensive rice system, especially for single-cropping rice in China. Since 2009, ecological engineering technology was carried out in Ningbo single-cropping rice experimental sites in Zhejiang Province, to restore ecological service functions of rice ecosystem, to repress insect pest populations, and to decrease the inputs of pesticides and fertilizers. Technical measures mainly include:1) adjusting the biodiversity to protect native natural enemies; 2) growing nectariferous plant to strengthen the biological function of natural enemies; 3) applying trap crop and sex pheromone to reduce insect pest source base; 4) adjusting the pesticide use strategies to reduce mortality of natural enemies; 5) regulating fertilizer to repress natural growth rate of insect pests; 6) integrating series of single technique into a system characterized as simple, efficient and economical. The investigation results for two consecutive years in 2013 and 2014, showed that the application of ecological engineering in singlecropping rice area had enriched the arthropods biodiversity, increased natural enemy population and restored ecological function of rice ecosystem, and insect pests were repressed persistently in a lower level, the amount of pesticides sprayed was reduced 93.75% and nitrogen fertilizer was reduced 12.42% compared with control. Rice yield increased 9.99% in the ecological engineering area than control area, and economic, social and ecological benefits were all obtained. Ecological engineering which is environmental friendly and apply simply and easily, has become a national main technology and would have a good prospect to be used widely.