新疆野苹果资源类型表型性状鉴定及优异资源的初步筛选

为了筛选出具有优异性状的新疆野苹果种质资源类型,以新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州新源、巩留和霍城县的41个新疆野苹果不同类型单株为试材,于其开花期对其花色、单序花朵数,花冠直径、花瓣长与宽、花柄长及1年生枝节间长度,树高、胸径、冠幅等形态指标进行了调查和观测,于其果实成熟期采其果实,测量其单果质量、果实纵横径、果柄长、可溶性固形物含量等数量性状指标;并就新疆野苹果对小吉丁虫的抗性进行了调查,对新疆野苹果果实黑星病发病程度及病情指数进行了统计。结果表明:供试的41个新疆野苹果不同类型果实的主要数量性状存在较大的变异,其变异系数为21%～63%,其中,单果质量的变异系数最大,为63%,最大值为67.50 g,最小值为4.30 g;果肉质地的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.306,其中,绵软类型的分布频率为50%;果实风味的遗传多样性指数为0.959,酸和极酸类型的分布频率合计为84.2%;巩留县莫合野果林中新疆野苹果的黑星病病情指数最低,为0.39%,表明其抗病性较强;新源县交吾托海野果林中对苹果小吉丁虫具有高抗性的新疆野苹果树的分布频率达到13.04%,部分枝条被苹果小吉丁虫危害后其伤口能自行愈合,表现出明显的抗性。初步筛选出的对苹果小吉丁虫具有抗性的单株类型有2个,其类型编号分别为XY-29和XY-34;具有抗苹果黑星病特性的单株类型有3个,其类型编号分别为XY-35、GB-9和HDM-7。新疆野苹果不仅在果实性状上存在丰富的遗传多样性,在树体高度、1年生枝节间长、对苹果小吉丁虫和黑星病的抗性等方面表现出的变异也都很丰富。

Phenotypic characteristic identification and preliminary selection of excellent resources in Malus sieversii resource types

In order to selecting some Malus sieversii germplasm resource types with excellent characteristics,using 41 M.sieversii individual types as test materials,which distributed in Xinyuan,Gongliu and Huocheng County,flower color and flower number per inflorescence,corolla diameter,length and width of petals,flower stalk length,internode length in 1-year-old branch,tree height,diameter at breast height,and crown were investigated and measured during flowering period,single fruit mass,fruit longitudinal and transverse diameters,fruit stalk length,and soluble solids content were measured during fruit maturity period,resistance to Agrilus mali was investigated,and incidence degree and disease index of Venturia inaequalis in M.sieversii were counted.The results showed that main quantitative characters of 41 varieties of M.sieversii had large variation,and coefficients of variation were 21%-63%,in which variation coefficient of single fruit mass was the maximum(63%),the maximum value was 67.50 g,and the minimum value was 4.30 g.Genetic diversity index of pulp texture was the highest,reaching 1.306,in which distribution frequency of soft type was 50%.Genetic diversity index of fruit flavor was 0.959,and distribution frequency of acid and very acid types was 84.2%.Disease index of V.inaequalis in M.sieversii forest of Gongliu County was the lowest(0.39%),so it had higher resistance.Distribution frequency of A.mali was up to 13.04%in high-resistance M.sieversii forest of Xinyuan County,and wounds could be self healed after part branches were damaged by A.mali,indicating an evident resistance.Two individual types with resistant to A.mali types were preliminarily screened out,and their numbers were XY-29 and XY-34,respectively.Three individual types with resistant to V.inaequalis types were screened out,and their numbers were XY-35,GB-9 and HDM-7,respectively.M.sieversii not only had rich genetic diversity on morphological characters of fruit,but also had rich variation of tree height,annual internode length,and resistance to A.mali and V.inaequalis.