Cumulated deposition of strong acid and sulphur compounds to a spruce forest |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Horticulture, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031, China;2. Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030031, China;1. Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;2. Geology Department, Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, WI 53232, USA;3. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA;4. Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;1. Applied Research Center, Florida International University, 10555W Flagler St, Miami, FL 33174, USA;2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA 99354, USA;1. Deltares, P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands;2. Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;1. Depto. de Química, Área de Catálisis, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco No. 189, Iztapalapa, Cd. México 09340, Mexico;2. Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior SN, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Cd. México 04510, Mexico;3. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Carretera México-Toluca S/N, La Marquesa, Ocoyoacac, Edo. México 52750, Mexico;4. CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, IPN, Cd. México 11500, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | Deposition of acid to forest is mainly a result of dry-deposition of SO2 and wet-deposition of acid dissolved in rain water. Ten years of measurements in the forest and 40 years of regional air pollution measurements, combined with historical sulphur emission inventories, make it possible to calculate the cumulated atmospheric deposition of strong acid. The concentration trend of atmospheric sulphur compounds measured during the last two decades until 1996 fits well with the model calculated emission and concentration pattern reported. Wet-deposition of sulphate was measured before 1955 in Denmark, these data also fit well with model calculated estimates. Acid-deposition during the last 30 years was estimated to be 4.0 eqv. m−2 (40 keqv. ha−1) and cumulated deposition for the last 90 years was 7.8 eqv. m−2 (78 keqv. ha−1). The acid inputs during these periods were equivalent to 100% and 200%, respectively, of the present top soil pool of exchangeable magnesium, potassium and calcium. The development of acid soils has led to aluminium being the major base cation in soil water. |
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