氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉产量与氮素利用的影响

研究氮肥运筹对麦后直播棉产量和氮素利用效率的影响,以期制定适宜的氮肥运筹策略。以早熟棉品种‘中棉所50’为试验材料,采用裂区设计,研究施氮量[0 kg(N)·hm-2、75 kg(N)·hm-2、150 kg(N)·hm-2、225 kg(N)·hm-2和300 kg(N)·hm-2]和施用次数(1次和2次)对麦后直播棉生物量、产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施氮量为0~150 kg(N)·hm-2时,皮棉产量随施氮量增加而显著增加;施氮量150 kg(N)·hm-2以上时,皮棉产量增加不显著;两次施肥皮棉产量显著高于一次施肥。施氮量与施用次数互作显著,施氮量150 kg(N)·hm-2、分两次施用时,皮棉产量达到较高水平。生物量、氮素累积量随施氮量、施用次数增加呈增加趋势,但生殖器官氮素分配系数呈相反变化。氮素表观利用率(NARE)、氮素农学利用率(NAE)及氮素生产效率(NPE)在施氮量75 kg(N)·hm-2以上时随施氮量增加而降低;NARE和NAE随施用次数增加而增加,NPE则反之。施氮量和施氮次数互作分析显示,NARE和NAE以氮肥2次施用而NPE以1次施用、施氮量为75~150 kg(N)·hm-2时较高。相关性分析表明,生物量、皮棉产量与氮素累积量呈显著正相关,与氮素分配系数相关性不显著;皮棉产量与氮素利用率相关性均不显著。综上,本试验条件下,麦后直播棉施氮量为150 kg(N)·hm-2且分两次施用,可以获得较高的产量并有利于提高氮素利用率。

Effect of nitrogen management on lint yield and nitrogen utilization of field-seeded cotton after barley harvest

The traditional cotton transplanting technique was adopted as an intercropped planting system to improve comprehensive harvest gains in limited acreage fields. However, this method was not suitable for current cotton production because of self-evident production barriers such as intensive labor requirement and overuse of nitrogen fertilizers. The new cotton planting system (field-seeding after barley harvest) without transplanting is more economical in terms of labor input, and therefore more convenient for mechanized cotton production. It is the now prospective direction of cotton production in Yangtze River Valley. To optimize the cultivation strategy of this new cotton cultivation system, the adoption of short-season cotton varieties and simplification of nitrogen application are the key techniques under consideration for the effect of the shortened growth duration of cotton after barley harvest. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of different nitrogen management schemes on yield, biomass and nitrogen use efficiency of short-season cotton variety (cv. CCRI 50) sowed after barley harvest, and to recommend the appropriate nitrogen management scheme under the cultivation system. A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the experimental station of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. A split-plot design with three replicates was adopted where the main plot factor was nitrogen application rate and the sub-plot factor was application frequency. There were 5 levels of nitrogen application rate [0 kg(N)·hm-2, 75 kg(N)·hm-2, 150 kg(N)·hm-2, 225 kg(N)·hm-2 and 300 kg(N)·hm-2] and 2 levels of application frequency (1 or 2 times). Biomass and yields, nitrogen use efficiency of cotton were investigated. The results showed that cotton lint yield significantly increased following an increase in nitrogen rate from 0 to 150 kg(N)·hm-2. The cotton lint yield in 2 times fertilizer application treatment was higher than that of one time fertilizer application. The interactive effect of nitrogen rate and application frequency showed that the cotton lint yield was highest under 150 kg (N)·hm-2nitrogen rate and 2 times application of fertilizer condition. Biomass and nitrogen accumulation also increased with increasing nitrogen rate and application frequency, while reproductive organ distribution ratio decreased. When nitrogen rate exceeded 75 kg(N)·hm-2, apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), agronomic nitrogen efficiency (ANE) and nitrogen production efficiency (NPE) decreased with increasing nitrogen application rate. ANRE and ANE in the 2 times application treatment were higher than those in the one time nitrogen application treatment, but NPE showed the opposite trend. The interactive effects of nitrogen rate and application frequency showed that under 75–150 kg(N)·hm-2 nitrogen application condition, ANRE and ANE with 2 times nitrogen application, while NPE with one time application were higher than others treatments. Correlation analysis showed that lint yields and biomass significantly correlated with nitrogen accumulation, but did not correlate with nitrogen distribution coefficient. Nitrogen utilization rate did not correlate with cotton lint yield. As a result, the optimum nitrogen management was 150 kg(N)·hm-2 with 2 times application for cotton under field-seeding after barley harvest.