粮食作物育种方向探讨——以河南省为例(英文)

目的]以河南省为例探讨粮食作物的育种方向。方法]优良品种是粮食增产的基础,而正确的育种方向对选育优良品种至关重要。根据河南省省情和粮食生产实际需要,利用粮食生产统计数据,对河南省粮食生产现状和影响因素进行分析,并总结了当前粮食作物育种的方向。结果]在河南省粮食总产增长过程中,主要是依赖于粮食单产的增长,而且主要是由小麦和玉米产量的增长实现的。影响河南省粮食生产的主要因素有:气象灾害频繁,抗灾能力不强;化肥投入过量,物质转化效率下降,并且加剧农业面源污染;耕地质量和分布不平衡;作物育种过程中重视产量性状,忽视相关性状;种质资源狭窄,导致主导品种单一;随着农村劳动力转移,种粮人数减少。在此基础上,提出了高产性、高效性、适应性、抗逆性、专用性和安全性的作物育种方向。通过育种方向的调整,提高粮食作物育种水平,培育优良品种,实现粮食生产的土地集约利用,物质集约节本,劳动集约替代,环境集约减损,技术集约高效,促进粮食生产持续稳定发展。结论]该研究结果为粮食作物优良品种的选育和河南省粮食增产提供了依据。

Investigation on Breeding Direction of Grain Crops——Taking Henan Province as an example

Objective] This paper aimed to investigate the breeding direction of grain crops in Henan Province. Method] Superior varieties are the basis of grain yield-increase, and a proper breeding direction is essential for breeding of superior varieties. According to the actual situation and production requirements in Henan Province, by using statistical data of grain production, this paper analyzed the current situation and influencing factors of grain production in Henan Province, and summarized the breeding direction of current grain production. Result] The increase of grain output in Henan Province mainly relies on the increase of grain yield per unit area and is achieved based on the increase of wheat and corn yield. There are several main factors affecting grain production in Henan Province, including the frequent meteorological disasters, low resistance to natural disasters, excessive chemical fertilizer inputs, decreased material conversion efficiency, aggravated pollution of the agricultural surface source, imbalanced quality and the distribution of cultivated land, emphasizing yield traits but neglecting related traits during crop breeding process, unitary dominant varieties resulting from narrow germplasm resources, and reduced grain-planting population with the migration of rural labor force. On this basis, the grain breeding direction is proposed with high yield, high efficiency, adaptability, stress resistance, specificity and safety, to enhance the grain crop breeding level, breed superior varieties, and realize the intensive use of cultivated land, intensive saving of materials, intensive substitution of labor force, intensive protection of environment and intensive efficiency of technologies by adjusting the breeding direction, thus promoting the sustained and stable development of grain production. Conclusion] This paper provides basis for the breeding of superior varieties of grain crops and improvement of grain output in Henan Province.