生草对油橄榄园土壤性质和油橄榄成花生理的影响

以油橄榄园为研究对象,设置了间作野豌豆和自然生草两个生草处理,通过测定果园土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、微生物数量以及油橄榄新梢生长量、花芽分化率、每花序花朵数等指标,探讨生草措施对油橄榄园土壤和树体成花生理的影响。研究结果表明,间作野豌豆和自然生草均显著提高了果园土壤含水量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中间作野豌豆的效果较好;生草还提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤容重和pH值,增加了土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,显著抑制了油橄榄新梢伸长,促进中短枝的发育;间作野豌豆降低了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,而自然生草提高了该酶活性;间作野豌豆也促进了油橄榄花芽分化率及单枝单位长度花序数的增加,特别是短枝的花芽分化率提高显著。总之,在油橄榄果园间作野豌豆和自然生草可以改善土壤性质,提高土壤肥力水平,从而控制新梢旺长,促进花芽分化。

The effect of sod-culture on orchard soil properties and the floral physiology of olives

This study investigated the sod-culture of olive orchards either intercropped with vetch (Vicia sepium) or with natural grass mulch applied. Measurements were taken of the soils’ physical and chemical properties, enzyme activities and the number of microorganisms. The number of new olive shoots, rate of flower bud differentiation, per inflorescence flower number and a number of other indexes were also measured. The results showed that the sod-culture produced by both vetch intercropping and natural grass mulching improved the soil water content, alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen content, available phosphorus content, soil urease activities, phosphatase and invertase activities. As a whole, the enhancement effect of intercropping with vetch was higher than that of natural grass mulching. Both intercropping with vetch and natural grass mulching improved the content of soil organic matter and reduced soil pH values. Intercropping with vetch reduced catalase activity, while natural grass mulch increased catalase activity. The sod-culture produced by both intercropping with vetch and natural grass mulching increased the number of the soil bacteria, actinomyces and fungi, inhibited new shoot elongation and improved the development of short and middle length bearing branches. This is very beneficial for improving the structure of fruit-bearing branches. Intercropping with vetch also improved the flower bud differentiation rate and the number of flower buds per length of the single branch, and especially the bud differentiation rate in short shoot branches. In conclusion, the sod-cultures produced in olive orchards by both intercropping with vetch and natural grass mulching checked the over-luxuriant growth of new shoots and promoted flower bud differentiation by improving soil properties and fertility levels.