紫茎泽兰堆肥对葡萄产量、品质和土壤性状指标的影响

紫茎泽兰是我国危害最严重的外来入侵植物,对我国西南地区的农业、林业、畜牧业和生态环境造成了巨大危害,防除与资源化利用相结合是控制紫茎泽兰蔓延的重要途径之一。本试验将新鲜紫茎泽兰就地制作成堆肥,研究该堆肥与化肥配施对当地主栽水果——葡萄的产量、品质和土壤微生物、养分及酶活性的影响。结果表明,各试验处理葡萄产量之间无显著差异,但M₇₅(25%化肥+75%堆肥)处理的葡萄果粒最大,单果最重,果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比显著高于其他处理。同时,随堆肥用量增加,葡萄果实VC含量升高,硝酸盐含量下降。M₅₀(50%化肥+50%堆肥)和M₇₅处理的土壤微生物生物量碳和氮含量相近,比单施化肥分别高23.2%~29.4%和17.5%~20.8%,葡萄转色期土壤可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌数量显著高于或相似于单施化肥。此外,施用紫茎泽兰堆肥减轻了土壤酸化程度。土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性随葡萄生育期不断变化,与葡萄各时期生长发育对养分的需求相一致,堆肥与化肥适量配施提高了土壤酶活性。紫茎泽兰堆肥配施化肥显著改善了葡萄品质并提高了土壤肥力。因此,在紫茎泽兰泛滥的区域,制作紫茎泽兰堆肥可以作为一种化害为利、资源化利用的模式。

Effects of Eupatorium adenophorum compost on soil characteristics and yield and quality of grape

Eupatoriurn adenophorum,the most harmful invasive plant in China,has huge negative impacts on agriculture,forestry,animal husbandry,and the ecological environment in Southwest China.It is important to control the spread of this invasive plant and to utilize the plant residues produced during its elimination.In this study,therefore,fresh E.adenophorum plants were pulled out and composted at the same site,and then the compost was used as an organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizers at different proportions for grape plants cultivated in an orchard.The yield and quality of table grape and selected characteristics of soil (microorganisms,nutrient contents,and enzyme activities) in the orchard were analyzed.The results indicated that there was no significant variation in grape yields among the fertilizer treatments,but there were differences in grape quality.The grapes were larger,heavier,with higher contents of soluble solids and sugars,and a higher sugar/acid ratio in the M75 (25％ chemical fertilizer+75％ organic fertilizer) treatment than in the chemical fertilizer only treatment.The vitamin C content in grapes increased and the nitrate concentration decreased with increasing amounts of organic fertilizer.Although soils in the M50 (50％ chemical fertilizer+50％ organic fertilizer) and M75 treatments had similar microbial carbon and nitrogen contents,the microbial carbon content was 23.2％ and 29.4％ higher,respectively,and the microbial nitrogen content was 17.5％ and 20.8％ higher,respectively,than those in the chemical fertilizer only treatment.There were more culturable bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes in soils treated with organic fertilizer than in soils treated with chemical fertilizer only.Furthermore,application of organic fertilizer alleviated soil acidification.The activities of catalase,urease,and invertase in soils varied among grape growth periods and were synchronized with the nutrient requirements of grape plants.Application of organic fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer at appropriate proportions stimulated soil enzyme activities.Therefore,E.adenophorum compost had positive effects on grape quality and soil fertility.Composting E.adenophorum plants could be an effective way to turn this harmful weed into a beneficial product and to utilize an abundant resource.