养分专家系统推荐施肥对冬小麦产量、养分转运及肥料利用的影响

为探究冬小麦科学施肥技术,明确养分专家系统推荐施肥对冬小麦产量、养分积累转运与利用的影响,于2018—2019年分别在河南省鹤壁市和新乡市以冬小麦(鹤壁、新乡试验品种分别为‘郑麦7698’和‘郑麦366’)为试验材料,设置7个处理[农民习惯施肥(FP)、当地推荐施肥(ST)、养分专家系统推荐施肥(NE)、在NE基础上配施缓控释氮肥(RNE)、在NE基础上不施氮肥(NE-N)、在NE基础上不施磷肥(NE-P)、在NE基础上不施钾肥(NE-K)],探究不同施肥处理对冬小麦氮、磷、钾养分转运分配规律和肥料利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦氮、磷、钾施肥量NE较FP处理分别降低16.2%、43.3%、-13.2%(鹤壁)和19.5%、48.0%、-57.9%(新乡);冬小麦产量NE与FP处理无显著性差异,RNE与FP处理存在显著性差异;NE、RNE较FP处理分别增产4.7%～6.6%、5.5%～9.6%(P0.05)。进一步研究表明,NE、RNE处理可显著增加地上部植株养分含量和积累量(P0.05),其花后干物质积累量较FP处理增加9.2%～14.0%、11.9%～18.6%;花前氮、磷素转运量和钾素转运对籽粒钾素积累贡献率均有提高,基于养分专家系统推荐施肥的氮、磷、钾肥平均利用效率分别为42.1%、19.2%、46.6%,平均农学效率分别为11.5kg·kg~(-1)、13.2 kg·kg~(-1)、13.3 kg·kg~(-1)。综上可知,小麦养分专家系统指导优化了氮、磷、钾肥的施用量和施用方法,促进了小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高了肥料利用率,具有良好的增产效果,可以在河南地区推广应用。

Effects of Nutrient Expert recommended fertilization on winter wheat yield, nutrient accumulation, transportation, and utilization

The overuse of fertilizer, unreasonable fertilization rates, and low fertilizer use efficiency affect modern agricultural systems, limiting farmers'' income and development of sustainable agriculture in Henan Province, China. This study investigated the effect of the Nutrient Expert system on winter wheat yield, nutrient accumulation, transportation, and fertilizer utilization efficiency. Field experiments were conducted during the 2018-2019 growing season in Hebi and Xinxiang, Henan Province, with seven treatments:farmer conventional fertilization (FP), local official recommended fertilization (ST), Nutrient Expert recommended fertilization (NE), Nutrient Expert recommended fertilization with controlled-release N fertilizer (RNE), and the elimination of N, P, or K input in the NE treatment (NE-N, NE-P, and NE-K, respectively). Compared to the FP treatment, N, P, and K fertilizer rates in the NE treatment decreased by 16.2%, 43.3%, and -13.2% in Hebi and 19.5%, 48.0%, -57.9% in Xinxiang, respectively. The yields of the NE and RNE treatments were higher than those of FP by 4.7%-6.6% and 5.5%-9.6%, respectively; NE and FP did not differ significantly on yield, but the RNE yield was significantly higher than that of FP. Compared to the other treatments, NE and RNE also improved plant nutrition concentrations and accumulation during the growing season. The dry matter accumulation after anthesis in NE and RNE was significantly higher than that in FP (by 9.2%-14.0% and 11.9%-18.6%, respectively), and the contribution of N, P, and K remobilization to the grains before anthesis also increased significantly. The average fertilizer use efficiency of N, P, and K was 42.1%, 19.2%, and 46.6%, respectively, and the average agronomic efficiency was 11.5 kg·kg^-1, 13.2 kg·kg^-1, and 13.3 kg·kg^-1, respectively, based on the Nutrient Expert system of winter wheat. In general, the Nutrient Expert recommended fertilization optimized the fertilizer management, promoted the absorption and utilization of N, P, and K, and improved the winter wheat yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency. Therefore, we encourage the use of the Nutrient Expert system for fertilizer management in the winter wheat fields of Henan Province, China.