辽西半干旱区秋覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响

秋覆膜技术是传统地膜覆盖栽培技术的创新和延伸。为了探明秋季覆膜对土壤水分及玉米水分利用效率的影响,2014年在农业部阜新农业环境与耕地保育科学观测实验站,设置常规裸地种植(T1)、传统春覆膜(T2)、秋覆膜(T3)以及秋覆膜配施秸秆(T4)四种处理,研究了不同覆膜处理对土壤蓄水量、水分剖面分布、春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,两种秋覆膜处理可实现对土壤水分的跨季节调控,播前土壤蓄水量比裸地增加35.44%和23.09%,比春覆膜增加40.79%和27.95%,整个生育期土壤蓄水量较裸地增加30.70%和20.10%,较春覆膜增加37.77%和26.59%。两种秋覆膜处理的剖面土壤水分在各生育时期均较为充足;春覆膜处理土壤含水率随土层深度变化剧烈,下层土壤水分严重缺失。秋覆膜处理可显著增加玉米产量,较裸地和春覆膜处理平均增产13.26%和13.52%,单株粒重增加是秋覆膜提高玉米产量的主要原因。秋覆膜T3处理可充分利用作物生育期降水,与T1、T2、T4处理相比,水分利用效率显著提高8.24%、9.74%和8.83%。

Effects of plastic film mulching during autumn on soil water and water utilization of spring maize in dry land of northwest Liaoning

Plastic film mulching in autumn is an innovation and extension technology of traditional plastic film mulching technology .In order to explore the effects of mulching during autumn on soil water and water use efficiency of spring maize ,four mulching treatments ,including traditional planting (T1) ,spring mulching (T2) ,autumn mulching (T3 ) and autumn mulching with straw return (T4 ) ,were carried out in Fuxin Scientific Observing and Experimental Sta-tion of Agro-environment and Arable Land Conservation ,to clarify the effects of different mulching treatments on soil wa-ter storage ,distribution ,crop yields and water use efficiency of spring maize .Our result showed that compared with T1 , T3 and T4 could increase the water storage before sowing by 35 .44% and 23 .09% ,respectively ,while by 40 .79% and 27 .95% ,compared with T2 .T3 and T4 could also increase water storage during the whole growth period by 30 .70%and 20 .10% ,37 .77% and 26 .59% ,respectively ,compared with T1 and T2 .The soil profile water was relatively abundant during the whole growth period ,while T2 had a very big variation in profile water ,which had a serious lack of water in subsoil .The maize yield by T3 was the highest ,which was 13 .26% and 13 .52% higher than that of T1 and T2 ,respectively .It was mostly contributed by the increase in single grain yield .Compared with T1 ,T2 and T4 ,T3 could increase water use efficiency by 8 .24% ,9 .74% and 8 .83% ,respectively .