Effect of abscisic acid applications on cold tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, KPK Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan;2. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-E-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan;3. Department of Agronomy, KPK Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan;4. College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;1. Technical University of Cartagena (UPCT), Department of Plant Production, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, ETSIA, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain;2. UPCT, Department of Food Engineering, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain;1. Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode-Melle, Belgium;2. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden;3. Jules Verne University of Picardie, UR Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés (EDYSAN, FRE 3498 CNRS-UPJV), 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens Cedex 1, France;4. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden;5. Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Ecology, FB2, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany;6. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;7. Biodiversity and Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany;8. Institute of Land Use Systems, Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany;9. Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, Section of Soil and Plant Sciences University of Florence, Firenze, Italy;10. Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany;1. University of Lleida, Horticulture, Gardening and Botany Department, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain;2. University of Lleida, Environment and Soil Science Department, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain;3. IRTA, Water Efficient Use Program, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, Parc de Gardeny - Edifici Fruitcentre, E-25003 Lleida, Spain;1. Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water St, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia;2. Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, VIC, 3401, Australia;3. School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water St, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia;1. Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water St, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia;2. Agriculture Victoria,Grains Innovation Park, 110 Natimuk Rd, Horsham, VIC, 3401, Australia;3. Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water St, Creswick, VIC, 3363, Australia;4. Northern Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 3710 Assinniboine Rd, Havre, MT, 59501-8214, USA;5. School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;6. Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK |
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| Abstract: | A series of field experiments were undertaken at three locations in Khyber PukhtunKhwa (KPK) Province, Pakistan to assess the effects of low temperatures and phytohormone applications on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth and yield. These trials showed that ABA application (10?4 M) to 40-day-old plants (before the first seasonal frost) offset low temperature-induced growth and yield depression at harvest (200-day-old plants) by up to 17%. These yield improvements were mainly due to an increase in the number of seeds pod?1. Growth room experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions to establish how foliar application of 10?4 M ABA to 40-day-old plants might improve seed production at harvest. The foliar application of 10?4 M ABA had no detectable effect on endogenous shoot or root ABA levels four-days after spraying or on biomass when plants were maintained in warm conditions. When exposed to night temperatures of ?2 °C, however, the endogenous ABA levels increased dramatically in both control and ABA-treated plants, but this rise was more rapid after ABA application (p < 0.01); after 14 days, these plants had gained significantly more biomass than the unsprayed controls (p < 0.05). No evidence was found to suggest ABA affected the osmotic or water balance of plants, but parallel experiments have shown ABA reduced low temperature-induced cell damage. Analysis of the proteome of the shoot tissues of ABA treated and untreated plants by 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis identified several proteins that are induced by low temperatures and/or by ABA application in chickpea and which may be involved in conferring cold tolerance. Attempts were made to establish the identity of these proteins using mass spectrometry but in all cases the results were ambiguous; a more complete protein data base for legumes is required before the function of these proteins can be inferred. |
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