Long-term effect of tillage systems on soil microbiological,chemical and physical parameters and the incidence of charcoal rot by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid in soybean |
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| Institution: | 1. INTA EEA Salta, Ruta Nacional 68 Km, 172 C.P. 4403 Cerrillos, Salta, Argentina;2. Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales (IFRGV ex IFFIVE – INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km. 5, 5, C.P. 5119 Córdoba, Argentina;3. Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE ex IFFIVE – INTA), Camino 60 Cuadras Km. 5, 5, C.P. 5119 Córdoba, Argentina;4. School of Life Sciences, Wellesbourne Campus, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK;5. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV. CONICET – UNC), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (F.C.E. Fy Nat – UNC), Córdoba, Argentina;1. Key Lab. of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;2. Yucheng Comprehensive Experiment Station, China Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China;3. Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;4. USDA-ARS, National Sedimentation Lab, Oxford, MS 38655, USA;1. University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA;2. Centro IFAPA Las Torres-Tomejil CAPDR-JA, Sevilla 41200, Spain;1. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;2. USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 47909, USA;1. Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central Unversity), Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India;2. National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru 560024, India |
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| Abstract: | A 20-year field experiment was employed with the aim of evaluating the effect of tillage systems on biological, chemical and physical aspects of the soil, and to establish whether there was a correlation of these parameters with the incidence of charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) of soybean and crop yield. The tillage systems evaluated were direct seeding (DS), DS + scarifier (DS + S), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT). DS presented higher values than CT in culturable total fungi (26.33 × 105 vs. 2.33 × 105 CFU g?1 dry soil), total bacteria (182 × 107 vs. 64 × 107 CFU g?1 dry soil), microbial respiration (0.77 mg CO2 g?1 week?1 vs. 0.45 mg CO2 g?1 week?1) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis (4.17 ug fluorescein g?1 h?1 vs. 1.70 ug fluorescein g?1 h?1 in CT. Fungal and bacterial community fingerprints, by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, of Intergenic spacer regions of rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, respectively, were influenced by the tillage system. Also FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) profiles showed that microbial community structure in DS and CT was clearly different. DS samples contained significantly higher total microbial biomass than the other tillage treatments, but there were no significant differences in fungal biomass or any consistent trend with respect to stress index. Our results showed that microbial communities were more abundant and active in DS than in CT in response to high nutrient content in soil. Indeed, DS systems presented higher soil OM, total N, K and Ca than CT. Electrical conductivity and aggregate stability (AS) were also improved by DS. Soybean grown in high-quality soil was not affected by charcoal rot, however, under CT, disease incidence in soybean was 54%. These differences were correlated to the higher microbial abundance and activity under DS, the biological component being a key factor determining soil capacity to suppress the soilborne pathogen. |
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