中国GIAHS保护试点: 价值、问题与对策*

中国农业文明历史悠久,留存了丰富的农业文化遗产。它们不仅体现了中国的传统哲学思想,同时也对全球可持续农业产生积极影响,并成为现代生态农业发展的基础。2002年,联合国粮农组织(FAO)发起了全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)保护项目,旨在对全球重要的、受到威胁的传统农业文化与技术遗产进行保护。目前我国已有4个GIAHS保护试点,即浙江青田稻鱼共生系统、云南哈尼稻作梯田系统、江西万年稻作文化系统和贵州从江县侗乡稻鱼鸭系统,2个候选试点,即云南普洱古茶园和茶文化及内蒙古敖汉旱作农业系统。本文基于FAO对GIAHS项目价值标准的解释,系统梳理了这6个试点的概况、价值、面临的威胁以及保护建议等,以期为我国农业文化遗产的保护提供指导依据。GIAHS的价值主要包括生态价值、经济价值、社会和文化价值、科研与示范价值等。目前农业文化遗产面临的主要威胁包括比较效益降低、适龄劳动力大量外流、现代观念的冲击和多重价值认识不足等。文章还提出了对GIAHS试点保护的建议,主要为引入动态保护途径,增加农民收入;加强宣传力度,建立科学的保护理念;完善制度建设,形成可持续的保护机制;调动农民的积极性,建立多方尤其是社区参与机制以及建立农业文化品牌,形成动态的保护机制等。

On the value, conservation and sustainable development of GIAHS pilot sites in China

Traditional agricultural systems and philosophy are the foundation of modern eco-agriculture.They provide a series of cultural and ecological values/services to mankind and are also multifunctional landscapes with huge potentials for recreation and amenity.As the largest developing country with thousands of years of agricultural history,vast territory and over 65% of the people dwelling in the country side,China has diverse traditional agricultural practices and activities.How-ever,many of the traditional agricultural systems are now under severe threat of globalization and inappropriate government interventions.The disappearance of these important agri-heritage systems and their unique agricultural legacy constitutes loss of future opportunities to enjoy the related environmental and cultural benefits.In order to conserve these systems,a program called "Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS)" was initiated by Food and Agriculture Organization of United States(FAO) in 2002.The main objective of GIAHS was the dynamic conservation and adaptive management of tradi-tional agricultural systems.There are already four pilot sites in China,including Qingtian Rice-Fish Culture System in Zheji-ang Province,Hani Rice Terraces System in Yunnan Province,Wannian Rice Culture System in Jiangxi Province and Tradi-tional Dong’s Rice-Fish-Duck Agroecosystem in Guizhou Province.There are also two candidate sites,including the Tradi-tional Pu’er Tea Agroecosystem in Yunnan Province and Aohan Dryland Farming System in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Re-gion.This study depicted the full picture of GIAHS sites in China,including basic information,system value,system threats and proposed conservations.Based on the above analysis,future directions of agri-heritage system conservation were proposed.There existed different GIAHS values,including ecological values,economic values,socio-cultural values,scientific demon-stration values,etc.Ecological values were very important in agri-heritage systems as ecological mechanisms reduced use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in a sustainable manner.Threats to agri-heritage systems,including decrease in comparative advantage,labor outflow and modern development concepts/technology,were also severe.Based on value and threat analysis,the following proposals were suggested regarding conservation of rice-fish culture: 1) utilization of dynamic conservation methods to improve local farmer livelihoods;2) enhancement,popularization and building of scientific conservation concepts of GIAHS;3) implementation of conservation planning and formation of sustainable conservation mechanisms;4) improve-ment of farmer activities and building multi-participatory mechanisms;and 5) building GIAHS brands at all agri-heritage sites to promote GIAHS products and formation of dynamic conservation mechanisms.