人畜间布鲁氏菌病研究进展

布鲁氏菌病(brucellosis,简称布病)呈世界性流行,全球有超过170个国家有布病报告。20世纪90年代中后期布病呈回升趋势,进入21世纪后疫情更加严峻;感染途径由主要的职业接触感染扩展到非职业的食源性感染,发病区域由北方牧区逐步向周边的半农半牧区和农区扩散,并向南方传播扩散。大多数患者通过直接或间接接触受感染的动物或动物产品感染,大多数动物感染是从患病动物、受污染的饲料和饮水点摄入病原体所致。目前,布病检测方法较多且各有其特点,其中细菌分离培养是"金标准",补体结合试验(CFT)是OIE公认的确诊试验。疫苗免疫是布病最为有效的控制措施,但目前尚未有国际认可的用于人的布病疫苗,动物疫苗也存在安全性差、免疫期短等多种缺陷。未来需要加强布病监测并制定有效的防治措施,开展多学科、多部门、多领域的携手合作,共同推动布病的预警、监督和防控。

Research Progress on Brucellosis in Human and Animals

Brucellosis,a kind of worldwide zoonosis,has been reported by more than 170 countries. Its outbreak trended to increase in the middle and late 1990 s,and had become more severe since the 21 st century;the disease mainly spread via occupational contact infection that was subsequently expanded to non-occupational food-borne infection,the infected area spread gradually from the northern pasture to surrounding semi-agricultural and semipastures and agricultural areas,then eventually spread to the Southern. Most patients were infected by direct or indirect contact with infected animals or animal products,and most animals were infected with the pathogens from infected animals,contaminated feed and drinking water. At present,many different methods for detecting the disease were available,in which,bacterial isolation and culture were considered as the"gold standard",and complement fixation test(CFT)was recognized as the confirmed diagnosis by OIE. Vaccination was the most effective control measure,but there was no any internationally recognized vaccine for human,and the vaccines for animals were with many defects,such as poor safety,short immune period and so on. Therefore,it was necessary to strengthen the monitoring for brucellosis,formulate effective prevention and control measures,and carry out cooperation in multi-disciplinary,multi-sectoral and multi-field to jointly promote the early warning,supervision,prevention and control of brucellosis.