Plant growth responses to biochar addition: an Australian soils perspective

The use of biochar as an agricultural amendment has attracted much attention owing to its potential to improve soil condition and plant growth; however, production outcomes are often uncertain. Although soil type is a major driver of plant productivity, there are relatively few biochar studies that directly compare plant growth responses across a range of soil types. We tested the wheat growth response to biochar derived from poultry litter and from wheat straw applied at 1, 5 and 10 t ha^?1 (approximately 0.13, 0.67 and 1.33 % w/w) in four soils representing major agricultural regions in Australia: an acidic arenosol (Western Australian cereal belt), an acidic rhodic ferralsol (Northern New South Wales), a neutral vertisol (Queensland cropping) and an alkaline haplic calcisol (Eyre Peninsula in South Australia). In the neutral vertisol, where plant growth was vigorous in the control treatments, biochar had little impact, whereas in the alkaline calcisol, there was a small significant increase in shoot biomass at high (10 t ha^?1) application rates. Plant growth responses in the acidic soils were most evident but demonstrated a strong contrast to one another. In the acidic arenosol, negative growth impact correlated with increasing electrical conductivity, while in the acidic ferralsol a small rate-dependent increase in pH correlated with relatively large gains in biomass, possibly due to improved phosphorus nutrition and alleviated Al toxicity. Moving towards effective integration of biochar as a management tool will not only require stratification based on soil types, but wider consideration of the main plant production constraints, such as pH, pertinent to a particular system.