河北省冬小麦、棉花全生育期缺水量时空特征分析

基于河北省13个国家标准气象站点近60年（1955—2014年）的逐日气象数据，利用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的作物需水规律计算方法以及曼—肯德尔（M-K）法、Morlet小波分析法和普通克里金插值法分别对河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量和水分盈亏指数的时空规律进行了分析。结果表明:（1）近60年，河北省全生育期冬小麦缺水量以-3.74 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈减少趋势，棉花以-22.88 mm/（d·10 a）的速率呈显著性减少趋势，并且两种作物的缺水量变化均存在40年左右的主周期和25年左右的次周期。全生育期内冬小麦缺水量最大值出现在南宫，缺水量最小值出现在秦皇岛；棉花缺水量最大值均出现在黄骅，遵化缺水量最小。（2）两种作物的缺水量最大时期均为快速发育期，冬小麦在冻融期时缺水量最少，而棉花在初始生长期缺水量最少；冬小麦在初始生长期水分盈亏指数达到最大值，而棉花在生育中期达到最大值，并且地区差异较小。（3）河北省冬小麦、棉花的缺水量空间分布不均，两种作物水分盈亏指数恰与之相反，基本上呈由中心向四周逐渐增大的分布特征。研究结果对农业灌溉水资源优化配置、提高农业灌溉效率具有实际意义。

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Water Deficit of Winter Wheat and Cotton in Hebei Province

Based on the daily meteorological data of 13 national standard meteorological stations in Hebei Province in recent 60 years (1955—2014), the water deficit and moisture gain and loss index of winter wheat and cotton in Hebei Province were calculated respectively by using the calculation method of crop water requirement recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Man-Kendall (M-K) method, Morlet wavelet analysis method and ordinary Kriging interpolation method. The results showed that: (1) in the recent 60 years, the water deficit of winter wheat in the whole growth period in Hebei Province showed the decreasing trend with the rate of -3.74 mm/(d·decade), and the water deficit of cotton showed the decreasing trend with the rate of -22.88 mm/(d·decade). The changes of water deficit in both crops were about 40-year main period and 25-year sub-period. The maximum water deficit in winter wheat appeared in Nangong during the whole growth period, and the minimum value of water deficit appeared in Qinhuangdao. The maximum cotton water deficit occurred in Huanghua, had the least water deficit was found in Zunhua; (2) the water deficits of the two crops reached the maximum in the fast growing period. Winter wheat had the least water deficit during the freeze-thaw period, while cotton had the least water deficit during the initial growing season. The water deficit index of winter wheat reached the maximum value at the initial growth stage. Water deficit of cotton reached the maximum at the middle stage of growth, and the difference was little among different regions; (3) the spatial distribution of water shortage in winter wheat and cotton in Hebei Province is uneven. The water deficit indices of two crops were opposite, and the distribution characteristics gradually increase from center to periphery. The results of this study are of practical significance to optimize irrigation water resource allocation and improve the irrigation efficiency of agricultural irrigation water resources.