中国农民专业合作社粮食收储典型技术模式构建与评价

针对中国农民专业合作社粮食产后收储过程存在的损失率高、能耗高、技术不匹配等现状,该研究结合实地调研资料和数据,运用文献研究和工程技术集成法等构建了农民合作社粮食收储技术集成方案,并利用层次分析法等构建了粮食收储技术模式评价体系;考虑经营主体、粮食种类、全环节等因素,从模式内涵、适宜范围、模式方案等进行设计,分别构建了东北玉米清洁能源机械干燥模式、中原两熟区绿色能源自然干燥模式、南方稻谷机械化干燥分类收储模式。以辽宁省某农民专业合作社收储模式为例,优化后其评价值从中等级跃升到优等级别,实际运行结果显示:收储环节的损失率由初始的9%降低到5%左右,玉米霉变率从4%～8%降低到2%以内,干燥能耗降低30%以上。表明用构建的收储模式来指导特定区域农民合作社粮食收储技术方案优化改造是可行的,可以为促进中国粮食产后减损保质、农民增收等提供参考。

Construction and evaluation of the typical technology pattern of farmer cooperatives for grain harvest-storage in China

Abstract: "Three increases" in the production, storage and import of grain industry have triggered the continuous advance in the current harvest-storage system in recent years. At the same time, there is a highly serious loss of grain in the harvest and postharvest stages. Specifically, the annual loss of grain is up to about 3.5×1010 kg. Among the main grain storage entities, the loss rate of the farmers'' grain harvest-storage is the highest, which reduces food supply and farmers'' income level. Furthermore, new types of operation entities, such as farmer cooperatives, are widely expected to cope with the planting and storage dispersion since 2006. However, some current cooperatives only share simple harvest-storage technology, failing to formulate the production on a large scale, where the facilities and equipment are still lacking. In this study, an attempt was made to deal with the present situation of harvest and postharvest links in the farmer cooperative, such as simple technology, high loss rate, high energy consumption, and technology mismatch. The field data was collected in 130 farmer cooperatives covering 7 provinces in China. An integrated scheme of grain harvest-storage technology was also established for the farmer cooperatives integrating various engineering technologies. An evaluation was made on the typical technology pattern of grain harvest-storage in farmer cooperatives using hierarchical analysis, Delphi, and case study. The whole link, operation entities, and grain types were also considered during the evaluation. Three representative patterns were constructed, including the mechanical drying with clean energy for corn in northeast China, natural drying with green energy in annual double cropping areas of Central Plains, and rice mechanized drying and classified collection in southern China. These designs were assessed from the aspects of pattern connotation, suitable scope, and pattern scheme. Taking the harvest-storage pattern of a farmer cooperative in Liaoning Province as an example, the score shifted from the medium to excellent grade, after the cooperative pattern was optimized. The specific operational indicators showed that the loss rate of harvest-storage link decreased from 9% to 5%, the mildew rate of corn decreased from 4%-8% to less than 2%, and the drying energy consumption was reduced by more than 15%. It inferred that the well-established pattern was feasible to optimize the grain harvest-storage scheme for the farmer cooperative in specific regions. Nevertheless, some possible constraints also need to be considered, such as the state-of-the-art technology, market prospect, acceptance degree, and policy system, when the pattern is applied to optimize the current cooperative harvest-storage scheme. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the optimization of the harvest-storage pattern should be further strengthened in the follow-up study, where the marginal effect of cooperative scale, harvest-storage pattern, and economic output should be further explored to determine the best balance. The finding can provide potential support to reduce grain loss, while keeping grain quality in modern highly mechanized agriculture.