Common and distinguishing features of the bacterial and fungal communities in biological soil crusts and shrub root zone soils |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Bioscience Division, M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;2. US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT 84532, USA;1. University of Rostock, Applied Ecology & Phycology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 21, D-18059, Rostock, Germany;2. University of Rostock, Soil Science, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, D-18059, Rostock, Germany;3. Nicolaus Copernicus University of Torun, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Microbiology, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Torun, PL-87-100, Toruń, Poland;1. School of Life Science and Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui 741001, China;2. Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China;3. Gansu Forestry Technological College, Tianshui 741020, China;4. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, PO Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3;1. Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, 712100, China;3. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany (210), Garbenstrasse 30, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany;4. Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Soil Protection and Recultivation, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6, Cottbus, 03046, Germany;1. Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Aptdo. de Correos 164, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;2. Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany;3. Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;4. Aalborg University, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sohngårdsholmsvej 49, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | Soil microbial communities in dryland ecosystems play important roles as root associates of the widely spaced plants and as the dominant members of biological soil crusts (biocrusts) colonizing the plant interspaces. We employed rRNA gene sequencing (bacterial 16S/fungal large subunit) and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to compare the microbial communities inhabiting the root zones of the dominant shrub, Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), and the interspace biocrusts in a Mojave desert shrubland within the Nevada Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Most of the numerically abundant bacteria and fungi were present in both the biocrusts and root zones, although the proportional abundance of those members differed significantly between habitats. Biocrust bacteria were predominantly Cyanobacteria while root zones harbored significantly more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Pezizomycetes fungi dominated the biocrusts while Dothideomycetes were highest in root zones. Functional gene abundances in metagenome sequence datasets reflected the taxonomic differences noted in the 16S rRNA datasets. For example, functional categories related to photosynthesis, circadian clock proteins, and heterocyst-associated genes were enriched in the biocrusts, where populations of Cyanobacteria were larger. Genes related to potassium metabolism were also more abundant in the biocrusts, suggesting differences in nutrient cycling between biocrusts and root zones. Finally, ten years of elevated atmospheric CO2 did not result in large shifts in taxonomic composition of the bacterial or fungal communities or the functional gene inventories in the shotgun metagenomes. |
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| Keywords: | Dryland soil Soil fungi Soil bacteria Biological soil crust Shrub root zone Arid land soil Fungal large subunit rRNA Bacterial 16S rRNA Shotgun metagenome Soil metagenome |
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