消费前端粮食损失数量和环境足迹的评估

减少粮食损失和浪费是关系粮食安全和环境可持续的重大问题。通过对粮食损失、粮食浪费、环境足迹概念的梳理，明确消费前端三大主粮的损失为评估对象，采用系统性评价方法，对粮食消费前端（包括收获、储藏、加工和运输四个环节）的损失率和损失数量进行估算；在此基础上，测算出粮食损失的环境足迹，探讨减少粮食损失和保护资源环境的策略。研究表明，小麦、水稻和玉米收获环节损失率分别为3.765%、3.771%和2.920%，消费前端损失率分别为11.665%、12.871%和13.320%。2020年消费前端三大主粮损失的数量总计为7 765万t，其中，小麦损失1 566.03万t，水稻损失2 726.85万t，玉米损失3 472.12万t。碳足迹的平均估计值为20 189万t CO₂e，蓝水足迹的平均估计值为100.95亿m³，土地足迹的平均估计值为2 329.50万hm²。虽然各环节粮食损失的原因不同，但分析发现提升各环节技术水平是减损的共同路径。因此，建议采取提高农业机械装备水平、改善粮食储藏设施与条件、创新发展粮食减损加工技术、推广高效...

Estimation of the quantity and environmental footprint of grain loss at front consumption ends

Reducing grain loss and waste is a major concern for grain security and environmental sustainability. Through sorting out the concepts of grain loss, grain waste and environmental footprint, this paper will evaluate grain loss rate and loss quantity at front consumption ends, including harvest, storage, processing, and transportation by the systematic review method. Subsequently, the environmental footprint of grain loss is estimated. Results show that the loss rates of wheat, rice, and corn in harvesting are 3.765%, 3.771%, and 2.920%, respectively, while the loss rates of front consumption ends are 11.665%, 12.871%, and 13.320%, respectively. The total loss of three staple grains in 2020 is 77.65 million tons, including 15.660 million tons of wheat, 27.269 million tons of rice, and 34.721 million tons of corn. The average carbon footprint is 20.89 million t CO2 equivalent (CO2e), the average blue water footprint is 10.095 billion m3, and the average land footprint is 23.295 million hm2. Although the reasons for grain loss are different, there is a common path to reduce loss, which is improving the technological level at front consumption ends. Therefore, this paper suggests updating the level of agricultural machinery and equipment, improving grain storage facilities and conditions, innovating grain processing technologies, and promoting efficient grain transportation equipment.