Thermal,mechanical and electrical stimuli in antinociceptive studies in standing horses: an update |
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| Affiliation: | 1. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, UK;2. Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil;3. Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium;1. The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;2. Universidad Cardenal Herrera – CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain;3. Vetstream Ltd, Cambridge, UK;4. Taylor Monroe, Little Downham, Cambridgeshire, UK;5. Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;1. Psychology Department, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, GA, USA;2. Veterinary Referral Surgical Practice, Roswell, GA, USA;3. Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA;1. Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway;3. Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo perform a literature review of the thermal and mechanical antinociceptive devices used in pharmacological studies in standing horses published after 2011 (2012–2019). To complete a full literature review about electrical stimulation used for evaluation in similar studies.Databases usedPubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science.ConclusionsA high level of standardization has been reached in antinociceptive studies in standing horses using thermal and mechanical stimuli in most recent years. Commercially available testing devices to deliver thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli, with observation of aversive responses to these stimuli, are reliable, sensitive and specific. For electrical stimulus testing, there is evidence that the resistance between the electrodes should be measured and should not exceed 3 kΩ to guarantee consistent and reproducible stimuli. The specific analysis of electromyographic activity after an electrical stimulus provides more detailed information about the neurons stimulated. |
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| Keywords: | antinociception electrical mechanical standing horses thermal threshold |
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