新农村建设中农户的居住生活变化及其生计转型

农户生计问题是政府和学界关注的焦点.采用参与式农村评估法,对新农村建设热点区域邛崃市的典型村进行了实地调查和分析,结果发现:①农村居民点是一个与农户生计息息相关的多功能复合单元.②新居建设改善了农户的居住区位和生活条件,但功能趋于单一化;按照城市的居住生活习惯设计新居的功能结构,导致农村居民点用地大幅减少.③土地整理新增耕地和因迁建而得的新居房产,是农户新获取的重要物质资产;利用掌握的社会资产寻找非农就业机会、拓展就业渠道对农户改善生计至关重要.由于普遍缺乏高质量的人力资产,农户实现生计多样化仍要克服许多困难;随着庭院经济的没落,农户生活资料的市场依赖性日趋增大,传统的家庭农具面临贬值、淘汰;在物质资产减少、家庭负担加重、收入缺少增长的处境下,政府的金融性资产支持难以促进农户金融资产的增长.④居住生活方式和生计资产的变化直接或间接地引起农户生计转型,呈现"正面的非农化"和"负面的非农化"两种趋向.⑤新农村建设照搬城市的居住生活方式对农户缺乏现实意义,可能背离了此项决策的初衷.建议地方政府依据农户的家庭状况和发展需求,分类指导,设计不同的政策细节,为农户创造适宜的发展机会.

Changes in the Daily Life of Peasant-Households in the New Countryside Construction and Their Livelihood Transition

In new countryside construction,the focus concerned by the government and academia is how to solve the long-term livelihood of peasant-households.Applying the PRA(participatory rural appraisal) approach,the authors of this paper examine the changes in peasant-household livelihood in some representative villages of Qionglai City,which is a hot area of new countryside construction.The results are outlined as follows.① The traditional rural residential area is a multi-functional composite element closely related to the residents’ livelihood.② Through the construction of new residential areas,the residential location and living conditions improved greatly for the rural households,but their functions tend to become homogeneous.Designed on the basis of the living habits of the urban inhabitants,the new houses occupy much less residential land than the former rural residential land.③ The farmland increased by land consolidation and the new houses the peasant-households obtain represent an important part of their physical assets.It is very important for farmers to improve their livelihood using the social assets at their disposal to seek the opportunities for non-agricultural employment.However,owing to the lack of high-quality human assets,peasant-households have to overcome many difficulties to realize livelihood diversification.With the decline of the courtyard economy,the peasant-households are becoming increasingly dependent on the market for their consumption goods,and many traditional farm tools become useless and devalued.Under the circumstances of the reduction of physical assets,no-growth of income,and the increase in family burden,the financial assets of farmers have scarcely grown.The financial support given by the government can hardly facilitate the increase of the financial assets of the farmers.④ The changes in living lifestyle and livelihood assets directly or indirectly lead to a substantial livelihood transition of the rural households,expressed as a positive or a negative nonagriculturalization.⑤ So in the new countryside construction,it is not appropriate to imitate the urban life style.Otherwise,the results may go against the initial good intention of the policy.The paper recommends that local governments make different policies aimed at major categories and provide appropriate opportunities for development according to the family status and needs.