紫色土坡耕地生物埂土壤抗剪强度对干湿作用的响应

生物埂土壤水分在次降雨中存在"干-湿-干"变化过程,这对生物埂土壤抗剪强度具有削弱作用。该文以紫色丘陵区花椒埂(HJ)和桑树埂(SS)为研究对象,通过根系现场挖掘法和土壤物理、力学性质测定等综合方法,研究生物埂土壤水分及抗剪强度在天然降雨干湿作用下的衰减-恢复效应。结果表明:1)生物埂土壤含水率随干湿作用表现出"急剧增加-急剧降低-稳定波动"趋势,小雨条件下生物埂0~20 cm土壤含水率变化明显;而在大雨和暴雨条件下,生物埂0~30 cm土壤含水率均变化明显,且分别在3种降雨发生后第5、7、9天土壤含水率趋于稳定;2)生物埂土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角均呈现"急剧衰减—相对稳定—逐渐恢复"趋势,小雨条件下生物埂对土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角具有增强效应且随垂直深度呈降低趋势;3)花椒埂、桑树埂在暴雨条件下能显著削弱干湿作用对土壤抗剪强度的劣化效应,2种生物埂的土壤黏聚力劣化率较对照埂分别降低44.03%、65.05%,而内摩擦角劣化率分别降低42.47%、45.70%。研究结果可为紫色丘陵区坡耕地生物埂措施设计和坡耕地耕层水土资源保护利用提供技术支持。

Response of soil shear strength of bio-embankments for slope farmland to drying-wetting effect in Purple Hilly Area

Abstract: As a typical agroforestry system, bio-embankments formed by planting trees, shrubs or herbaceous in terrace ridge are effective farming measures for soil and water conservation in Purple Hilly Area. Bio-embankments not only could prevent soil erosion from slope farmland, but also greatly improve the soil quality and agricultural production conditions for cultivated land. The bio-embankment of slope farmland is often prone to collapse under heavy rainfall condition, which mainly attributed to the deformation and failure of slope caused by soil drying-wetting effect during the continuous raining- infiltration-evaporating process. Soil shear strength is one of the important determinants for slope stability of bio-embankments, which mainly influenced by soil structure, soil particle morphology and soil moisture content. The soil moisture of bio-embankments is often constantly changing along with the drying-wetting-drying circulation under a single rainfall condition, which would greatly weaken stability of bio-embankments. Recently, soil shear strength mainly focused on indoor simulation experiment conducted under such single factor as soil water content, soil bulk density, root system, soil particle composition, and some multi-factor combination experiments were also carried out. However, the changing characteristics of soil content and soil shear strength under drying-wetting-drying circulations caused by a natural raining and evaporating effect is unclear. The study mainly discussed the following facts as: 1) the variation trend of soil moisture for different bio-embankment layers under three-types natural rainfall condition; 2) the effects of different bio-embankment types on soil moisture variation; 3) the response characteristics of soil cohesion and soil internal friction angle of different bio-embankments on wetting-drying effect of rainfall and evaporation. Taking the bio-embankments with mulberry (SS) and zanthoxylum (HJ) planted in terrace ridge of slope farmland in purple hilly area of Southwest University, Chongqing as objects and bio-embankment with natural grass as control (CK), the paper systematically analyzed the attenuation and recovery effect of soil moisture and soil shear strength of bio-embankments under drying-wetting condition of different natural rainfall. The method of field and laboratory tests were conducted to observe soil moisture, soil cohesion, soil internal friction angle and root characters before and after different natural rainfall intensity such as light rain (0.64 mm/h), heavy rain (1.37 mm/h) and rainstorm (3.46 mm/h) from the field experiments were carried out from June to September 2014. The results indicated that: 1) The soil moisture of bio-embankments under drying-wetting condition presented a variation trend as sharp increase-sharp decrease-fluctuation stable, of which the changes amplitude and interaction depth increased with increasing rainfall intensity. The soil moisture showed obvious change in soil layer of 0-20 cm under light rain (0.64 mm/h), and varied obviously in soil layer of 0-30 cm under heavy rain (2.37 mm/h) and rainstorm (3.46 mm/h), which tended to be stable in 5h,7h, 9th day after natural rainfall stopped, respectively. 2) Both the soil cohesive strength and soil internal friction angle of bio-embankments showed a change trend as decaying sharply-stabilizing relatively-recovering gradually under the condition of drying-wetting. The soil cohesion strength and soil internal friction angle of bio-embankments were enhanced in 9th day after light rain, of which the enhancement showed a decreasing trend with increasing soil depth. Compared with the state before the rain, the soil cohesion strength of HJ, SS and CK increased by 2.46%, 2.95% and 0.66% respectively; meanwhile, their internal friction angle increased by 2.40%, 3.17%, and 1.19%, respectively. 3) The soil cohesion and soil internal friction angle decreased in 9th day after rainstorm compared with the original state before rain. Bio-embankments with mulberry and zanthoxylum could significantly weaken the deterioration effect of drying-wetting on soil shearing strength, and the effect of mulberry measures was better than the other two. Compared with CK, the soil cohesion degradation rates of HJ and SS bio-bio-embankments decreased by 44.03% and 65.05%, respectively, and the degradation rates of soil internal friction angle of HJ and SS bio-embankments decreased by 42.47% and 45.70%, respectively. The research results could provide some technical supports for design of bio-embankment design and soil and water utilization of cultivated-layer for slope farmland in purple hilly area.