高寒草甸家庭牧场管理模型的初步开发

家庭牧场是草地生产和经营的主体，其管理水平对于保护草地生态系统至关重要。本研究以草地生态—经济平衡理论、家畜精准管理理论、放牧适宜度理论、非平衡草场生态系统弹性管理理论为研发依据，采用Visual Studio Team System 2010和Microsoft SQL Server 2008开发了一款基于Windows系统的家庭牧场管理模型。该模型包括后台数据库、系统输入和输出3个模块，以12个月为运行周期，通过输入饲草供给、家畜需求、家庭收支等数据，从畜群结构、牧场家畜承载量、草畜平衡、草地健康、牧场收益5个方面进行评价，并形成牧场经营管理评估报告。牧户可根据评估报告进行计算机模拟优化，并依据优化方案相应改进生产管理活动。本模型以祁连山东段高寒草甸区家庭牧场为试点，完成了模型参数调试、生产管理评价以及优化等工作。测试结果证明该模型界面设置便捷、操作简单，评价和优化输出报表图文并茂，可以帮助牧场主施行有效的管理决策。此外，该模型还在后台数据库构建过程中发现一些科研空白，为后期草地畜牧业科研指出攻关方向。

The Preliminary Development of Alpine Meadow Family Pasture Management Model

Household pasture is the basal unit of rangeland production and operation,and the management level of household pasture is a key to maintain rangeland ecosystem. In the study,we developed a household pasture management model (HPMM) based on the ecological-economic theory,livestock precision management theory,suitable grazing theory and management of non-equilibrium theory,and provided it to the farmer as decision support system,which can help farmer to analyze the problem existing in the process of rangeland production and to make decision for optimizing management. The HPMM had three modules,including a backend database,a data input module and a data output module. The HPMM was developed by visual studio team system 2010 and database management systems of Microsoft SQL server 2008. Taking 12 months as an operational cycle of the HPMM,farmer input the data in term of forage supply,livestock need,family revenue and expenditure related to rangeland production into the HPMM and then it provided the evaluation report of pasture management based on the evaluation in term of the livestock production structure,stock capacity,feeding balance,rangeland health and pasture income and expenses. Farmer could improve the rangeland management and livestock production according to the report. We tested the HPMM on a household farm in alpine meadow located in the eastern Qilian Mountain Region and found that the model is a good tool for local farmer because of its simple and clear interface and operability. Besides these,the HPMM can point out the scientific direction because of inadequate backend database during the development.