中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估：研究进展与展望

农田土壤重金属污染对食品安全和人体健康构成巨大的威胁。重金属主要通过经口摄入土壤、吸入土壤颗粒、皮肤接触和食物链摄取等暴露途径进入人体，其中经口摄入重金属污染土壤和农产品是主要的暴露途径。人体健康风险评估在农田土壤质量分类和风险管控中起着重要作用。因此，梳理了中国农田土壤重金属污染的人体健康风险评估的发展状况，介绍了人体健康风险评估的基本流程和评估技术，论述了影响人体健康风险评价准确性的主要因素及优化措施。在农田土壤重金属健康风险评估中，应加强耦合污染源识别技术、重视食物消费暴露途径、精准识别不同敏感受体、本土化敏感受体的暴露参数、纳入重金属的生物可给性，同时提高农田土壤重金属健康风险评估的准确性。未来可从加强应对健康风险评估过程不确定性的技术方法、考虑各种饮食的暴露途径和建立本土化的重金属毒性标准数据等多方面深化农田土壤重金属健康风险评估，以期推动中国农田土壤重金属人体健康风险评估的理论和技术发展。

Research Progress and Prospects of Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Farmland Soils of China

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses a great threat to food safety and human health. Heavy metals enter the human body mainly through exposure pathways such as direct ingestion of soil, inhalation of soil particles, dermal exposure and food chain ingestion, with direct ingestion of heavy metal-contaminated soil and eating agricultural products being the main exposure route. Human health risk assessment plays an important role in the classification of agricultural soil quality categories and environmental risk management. Therefore, this paper reviews the development of human health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils in China, introduces the basic process and assessment techniques of human health risk assessment, and discusses the main factors affecting the accuracy of human health risk assessment and the optimization measures. The research indicates that in the health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil, the coupled pollution source identification technology should be strengthened while the exposure route of food consumption needs more attention. Also, the exposure parameters of different sensitive receptors should be accurately identified, and the exposure parameters of localized sensitive receptors, and the bioavailability of heavy metals should be included to improve the accuracy of health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil. In the future, the health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil can be deepened from many aspects, such as strengthening technical methods to deal with the uncertainty of the health risk assessment process and considering the exposure pathways of various diets. This will help with establishing localized heavy metal toxicity standard data to promote the development of the theory and technology of human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils of China.