MANURING EFFECT ON RICE GRAIN YIELD AND EXTRACTABLE TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS

Animal manures contain significant amounts of plant-available nutrients which could increase crop yields. They also contain heavy metals which may be exported outside soil systems by plants, animal and surface and underground water following application to soils. The effect of some animal manures on rice yield and extractability of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were determined in fours soils with different properties. The manures were applied at the rate of 100Mg ha^?1, and rice was grown for two consecutive seasons. In the second of the two seasons, rice yield and yield components were determined. Immediately after the second season rice harvest, soils were sampled and analyzed for DTPA extractable Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Averaged across the soils, the level of extractable Fe increased by between 5% in chicken manure (PM) and 71% in cattle manure (CM); Zn by between 312% in CM and 871% in swine manure (SM); Mn by between 61% in PM and 172% in SM and Cu by between 327% in PM and 978% in SM. Mixing these manures before application reduced the level of extractable trace elements. Although there was increased yield following application, the results of this study indicated a possible risk of trace element export to the environment within a year, if high levels of the manures are applied.