西辽河流域农牧户生产消费特征比较研究

农户是农村经济的微观基础,其生产和消费活动会对生态系统和自然资源产生重要的影响。以西辽河流域为案例区,基于参与式结构访谈工具等方法,对农牧户进行了系统调查,分析西辽河流域不同生计方式农牧户的基本特征,在此基础上,运用生态足迹方法,计算不同农牧户类型的生产与消费特征,探讨农牧户生产与消费足迹的影响因素。结果表明,1)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户在家庭规模、劳动力配置、年龄结构、教育水平、收入结构和土地利用特征等方面存在差别。2)西辽河流域不同类型农牧户生产和消费足迹存在显著差异性。就生产特征而言,农业户以人均谷物和蔬菜生产最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶类产量最多,半农半牧户以人均薯类生产最多。从消费状况来看,农业户以人均谷物消费量最多,半农半牧户以人均蔬菜消费量最多,牧业户以人均肉类和奶制品消费量最多。3)西辽河流域农牧户人均生产足迹为4.301 7 hm2,人均消费足迹为0.613 5 hm2,生产足迹远高于消费足迹。其中牧业户的生产足迹和消费足迹远远高于农业户和半农半牧户。4)农牧户生产足迹和消费足迹与人口特征、经济特征和资源禀赋特征显著相关,并具有差异性。研究表明,草地生态足迹在西辽河流域牧业户生态足迹中起决定作用。

A comparative study on the characteristics of consumption and production of rural households in the West Liaohe River Basin

Rural household is a micro-foundation of the rural economy, whose production and consumption activities would have an important effect on the ecosystems and natural resources. Based on survey data in West Liaohe River Basin as a case site of ecologically-vulnerable areas in the Northern China, we conducted a systematic survey of rural households, and analyzed the different livelihood characteristics of ranch and rural households in the West Liaohe River Basin. In addition, we calculated the production and consumption footprint of different households, and identified some influencing factors of production and consumption footprint. Results showed that, 1) different types of households have different family sizes, labor allocations, age structures, education levels, income structures and land use characteristics; 2) there have significant differences among production and consumption characteristics of different households. From production perspective, the per capita production of cereals and vegetables dominated, the fully pastoral households led in per capita meat and dairy production, and the farming-pastoral households ranked top for per capita potato production. From consumption perspective, the largest per capita cereal consumption was the fully farming households, the most per capita vegetable consumption was the farming-pastoral households, and the most per capita meat and dairy products was the fully pastoral households; 3) per capita production footprint was 4.301 7 hm2 and per capita consumption footprint was 0.613 5 hm2, much lower. The production and consumption footprints of fully pastoral households were much higher than the fully farming households and the farming-pastoral households; and 4) the rural household production and consumption footprints were significantly correlated with the population characteristics, economic characteristics, and natural resources features. There were differences between the rural household production and consumption footprints. This research also illustrates that grassland ecological footprint plays a decisive role in the ecological footprint of rural households in the West Liaohe River Basin.