Cystourethroscopy in the dog

The cystourethroscopic examination with cold light cystoscopes forms an essential part of a complete urological examination and is useful for diagnostic as well as surgical procedures. The fast and non-invasive character of the procedure limits the inconvenience to the patient. With the rigid non-flexible scope its use is, however, limited to female dogs, unless in the male dog a urethro(s)tomy is performed.