基于品种熟期和籽粒脱水特性的机收粒玉米适宜播期与收获期分析

【目的】规模化生产条件下,需要兼顾产量和效率的协同提高。通过合理配置不同熟期品种及播期,能够延长播种和收获的机械作业时间,提高机械利用效率和玉米生产效率。【方法】本研究于2015—2017年,选用KWS9384、新玉77和M751 3种不同熟期的主栽玉米品种,观测籽粒含水率变化动态,建立基于授粉后积温(≥0℃)的籽粒含水率预测模型,结合当地气象数据,分析不同品种的播种与收获时期。【结果】结果表明,不同熟期品种的产量和适播期不同。早熟品种KWS9384适宜播期和收获期更长,但产量较晚熟品种低;晚熟品种新玉77和M751产量高,但满足生理成熟及脱水至适宜机械粒收含水率的时间更长。通过早熟品种和晚熟品种的搭配,可以有效延长玉米播种及机械粒收的作业时间;早播晚熟品种、晚播早熟品种的配置方案,能够较好地协调产量和籽粒脱水的关系。【结论】通过分析不同品种适宜播种期及其相应的适宜收获期,提出了高产高效协同生产目标下的品种和播期配置原则,实现特定生态和生产条件下机具利用效率和效益的最大化,为相关技术需求的研究和应用提供思路。

Analysis of Sowing and Harvesting Allocation of Maize Based on Cultivar Maturity and Grain Dehydration Characteristics

【Objective】 Yield and production efficiency are two equally important things under the condition of large-scale production. The sowing time and the harvesting time can be prolonged by various combinations of sowing date and different maturity cultivars, thus improving the utilization efficiency of combine machine and the maize production efficiency.【Method】 In this study, three maize cultivars, including KWS9384, Xinyu77 and M751, with different growth stages were selected to monitor the dynamic process of grain moisture content from 2015 to 2017. The predictive relationship model between the grain moisture content and the accumulated temperature (> 0°C) after pollination was established to analyze the key growth nodes of different combinations based on the local meteorological data.【Result】 The results showed that there were significant differences of grain yield and suitable sowing date between cultivars. The early maturity cultivar KWS9384 had a longer time of sowing and harvesting but a lower yield compared with the late maturity cultivars. The late maturity cultivars Xinyu77 and M751 both had higher yields but they needed more time to finish physiological maturity and to dry down grain to meet grain mechanical harvest. The combination plans of late maturity cultivar/early sowing or early maturity cultivar/late sowing could be used to coordinate the relationship between yield and grain moisture content, thus extending the sowing time and the grain harvesting time.【Conclusion】 This paper studied on the suitable sowing time and harvesting time of different maturity cultivars and gave the combination principle of cultivar and sowing date under the background of high yield and high efficiency production. The principle could maximize the utilization efficiency and benefit of combine machine under the specific ecology and production condition. This study provided the new information regarding the relevant researches and application of the maize grain mechanical harvesting technology.