新疆棉花高产简化栽培技术评述与展望

近20年来,新疆产棉区采取"促早栽培,向‘温’要棉;密植矮化,向‘光’要棉;水肥一体化,向‘水肥’要棉;农机农艺融合,向‘轻简化’要效益"的技术途径,通过机械代替人工大幅度减少人工投入,膜上精量播种免除放苗、定苗,合理密植配合化学调控实现简化整枝与集中收花,节水灌溉与水肥一体化实现节本增产增效,关键农艺技术与物质装备有机结合和综合运用,既保证了高产甚至超高产,又实现了轻简化,较好地解决了高产与简化的矛盾,使得以新疆为主的西北内陆棉区成为全国平均单产最高的优势棉花产区。展望未来,为保障棉花持续高产高效,今后新疆棉花栽培的技术途径须与时俱进,一方面由"向温、向水要产量、要效益",转变为"向光、向水肥一体化、向农艺技术与物质装备高度融合要产量、要品质、要效益";另一方面棉花栽培管理要改过去"三分种、七分管"为"七分种、三分管"。要通过棉田综合调控建立棉花高光效群体,提高群体光能利用率,协同提高棉花产量和品质;重视种子品质、提高播种质量,在"种"的环节多下功夫,减少管理环节,进一步节本增效;加强新疆棉花高效轻简化栽培的基础理论创新,为新疆棉花可持续发展提供理论支撑。

Advances and Prospects of High-Yielding and Simplified Cotton Cultivation Technology in Xinjiang Cotton-Growing Area

In the past 20 years, cotton production in Xinjiang has developed considerably through a series of technological strategies such as “exploration of heat potential via earliness-stimulating cultivation”, “exploration of solar radiation potential via dense and dwarf planting”, “improvement of water and fertilizer use efficiency via fertigation”, and improvement of net returns with convenient and simplified cultivation through the integration of agronomic techniques and mechanization. These strategies have considerably reduced labor input by reliance on mechanization rather than manual operations, precision seeding after plastic mulching, simplified plant pruning and synchronized harvesting achieved through rational and high plant density combined with chemical regulation, and improvements in yield and net returns through water-saving irrigation techniques and fertigation. The efficient use of key agronomic techniques and related materials and machinery ensures not only a high or super-high yield, but also a convenient and simplified management, thus resolving the contradiction between high yield and simplification in Xinjiang. The northwest inland of which Xinjiang is the main region has become the country''s largest cotton-producing region with the highest average unit yield. To ensure continued high yield and efficiency of cotton production in the future, the cultivation strategy should also advance with the times. On the one hand, it should evolve from achieving high yield and benefits of cotton by exploration of heat and water potential to achieving high yield, fine quality and high net returns by exploitation of the light potential, fertigation, and integration of agronomic techniques and mechanization; on the other hand, in order to achieve simplified management of cotton, the traditional cultivation and management with “30% input to seeding and 70% to field management after seeding” should be changed to that with “70% input to seeding and 30% to field management after seeding”. To simultaneously improve cotton yield and quality, it is important to ensure a high photosynthetic efficiency population through comprehensive regulation of cotton plants. More attention should be paid to seed quality and seeding, and thus to further save costs and increase economic benefits by reducing management processes in cotton production. Studies on mechanisms for achieving simplified cultivation with high economic benefits of cotton in Xinjiang should be strengthened to lay a theoretical foundation for sustainable production.