基础地力对黄壤区粮油高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响

【目的】黄壤是中国重要的地带性土壤,黄壤区粮油作物的高产、稳产和可持续生产对于地区粮食安全和经济民生至关重要。研究黄壤区主要粮油作物基础地力特征,评价地力对粮油作物高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响,为黄壤耕地地力保育和区域作物绿色生产提供依据。【方法】依托于2006—2013年测土配方施肥项目在黄壤区开展的3 515个田间试验(马铃薯434个、油菜525个、玉米1 318个、水稻1 238个),调查每个试验点无肥对照(CK)和氮磷钾肥(N2P2K2)处理作物产量;基于作物估计方法,分析了粮油基础地力产量和地力贡献率特征;采用直线拟合和边界线分析评价了基础地力对作物施肥产量及产量差的影响;采用稳定性指数和可持续性指数评估了基础地力对产量稳定性和可持续性的影响。【结果】黄壤区马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻平均基础地力产量分别为10.8、1.13、4.57和5.73 Mg·hm~(-2),平均地力贡献率分别为50.8%、49.0%、59.0%和70.8%;基础地力产量越高,地力对作物施肥产量的贡献率越大。作物施肥产量与基础地力产量显著正相关,马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻施肥产量与基础地力产量的直线拟合方程决定系数分别为0.476、0.284、0.382和0.366(P0.001)。边界线分析结果表明,马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻4种作物的施肥产量潜力分别为42.8、4.07、11.8和12.4 Mg·hm~(-2);随着基础地力的提升,作物施肥产量差降低,产量的稳定性和可持续性增加。【结论】提升基础地力能够提升作物施肥产量,降低产量差,有利于黄壤区粮油作物的高产、稳产和可持续生产。

Effect of the Inherent Soil Productivity on High,Stable and Sustainable Yield of Grain and Oil Crops in Yellow Soil Region

【Objective】Yellow soil is an important zonal soil in China. High, stable and sustainable yield of grain and oil crops are fundamental to food security, economic development and people''s livelihood for yellow soil region. This paper studied the characteristics of inherent soil productivity for grain and oil crops in yellow soil region in order to evaluate the effect of inherent soil productivity on high, stable and sustainable yield of grain and oil crops. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating land conservation and producing green crops in yellow soil region. 【Method】The assessment was conducted based on data-set derived from National Soil Test and Fertilizer Recommendation projects during 2006 to 2013 in yellow soil region. Yields of unfertilized control (CK) and NPK fertilization (N2P2K2) treatments in 3 515 on-farm trials (434 potato trials, 525 rapeseed trials, 1 318 maize trials, and 1 238 rice trials) were surveyed. Characteristics of inherent soil productivity and its contribution rate to fertilization yield under on-farm conditions were assessed by using a plant-based agronomic approach. The effects of inherent soil productivity on fertilization yield and yield gap were also assessed by using linear fitting and boundary line analysis. Meanwhile, the effect of stable indexes and sustainable indexes of grain and oil crops under different inherent productivities were also assessed. 【Result】The average yield based on inherent soil productivity of potato, rapeseed, maize and rice were 10.8, 1.13, 4.57 and 5.73 Mg·hm^-2, and the average contribution rates of inherent soil productivity were 50.8%, 49.0%, 59.0% and 70.8%, respectively. It was found that the contribution rate of inherent soil productivity was increased with improvement of inherent soil productivity. There was a significant and positive correlation between fertilization yield and inherent soil productivity, R² of linear fitting with fertilization yield and inherent soil productivity of potato, rapeseed, maize and rice were 0.476, 0.284, 0.382 and 0.366 (P<0.001), respectively. Boundary line analysis showed that the attainable yield of potato, rapeseed, maize and rice were 42.8, 4.07, 11.8 and 12.4 Mg·hm^-2, respectively. Meanwhile, it found that stability and sustainable of grain and oil crops yield were increased with improvement of inherent soil productivity. 【Conclusion】It was concluded that improving inherent soil productivity of farmland can decrease yield gap while promote high, stable and sustainable yield of grain and oil crops in yellow soil regions.