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The influence of severe prolonged exercise restriction on the mechanical and structural properties of bone in an avian model
Authors:Anna Shipov  Amnon Sharir  Elazar Zelzer  Joshua Milgram  Efrat Monsonego-Ornan  Ron Shahar
Affiliation:1. Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel;2. Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;3. Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel;1. Dpto. Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), C/ Tomás y Valiente, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;2. Laboratorio de Prehistoria, I+D+i, Universidad de Burgos (UBU), Pl/Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain;3. Laboratorio de Paleontología, I+D+i, Universidad de Burgos (UBU), Pl/Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain;4. Laboratorio de Prehistoria, I+D+i, Universidad de Burgos (UBU), Pl/Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain;5. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Internacional Isabel I, C/ Fernán González 76, 09003, Burgos, Spain;2. Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis;2. Campbell Center for the Study of Animal Welfare, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1;3. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5;4. Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1;1. National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland;2. Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland;1. Research Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Burgerweg 22, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland;2. Research Centre for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Burgerweg 22, CH-3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland;3. Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G2W1;4. Division of Animal Welfare, VPH Institute, University of Bern, Langgässstrasse 120, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
Abstract:Many studies have described the effects of exercise restriction on the mammalian skeleton. In particular, human and animal models have shown that reduction in weight bearing leads to generalised bone loss and deterioration of its mechanical properties. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of prolonged exercise restriction coupled with heavy calcium demands on the micro-structural, compositional and mechanical properties of the avian skeleton. The tibiae and humeri of 2-year-old laying hens housed in conventional caging (CC) and free-range (FR) housing systems were compared by mechanical testing and micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanning. Analyses of cortical, cancellous and medullary bone were performed.Mechanical testing revealed that the tibiae and humeri of birds from the FR group had superior mechanical properties relative to those of the CC group, and μCT scanning indicated larger cortical and lower medullary regions in FR group bones. Cancellous bone analysis revealed higher trabecular thickness and a higher bone volume fraction in the FR group, but no difference in mineral density. The biomechanical superiority of bones from the FR group was primarily due to structural rather than compositional differences, and this was reflected in both the cortical and cancellous components of the bones. The study demonstrated that prolonged exercise restriction in laying hens resulted in major structural and mechanical effects on the bird skeleton.
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