解决夏季母猪“饥而不饿”的营养招数

夏季来临，温度是影响猪群健康的第一要素，尤其对于母猪，在高温下其对营养的吸收利用及代谢均会发生改变，导致母猪代谢不畅而不愿采食，这将严重影响猪群健康及繁殖成绩。文章将从营养调节角度分析，并结合生产实践来解决这一问题，以期为猪场夏季母猪健康养殖提供借鉴和参考。     

Estimates of minimum viable population sizes for vertebrates and factors influencing those estimates

Population size is a major determinant of extinction risk. However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence. It is generally believed that minimum viable population sizes (MVPs) would be highly specific, depending on the environmental and life history characteristics of the species. We used population viability analysis to estimate MVPs for 102 species. We define a minimum viable population size as one with a 99% probability of persistence for 40 generations. The models are comprehensive and include age-structure, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding depression. The mean and median estimates of MVP were 7316 and 5816 adults, respectively. This is slightly larger than, but in general agreement with, previous estimates of MVP. MVPs did not differ significantly among major taxa, or with latitude or trophic level, but were negatively correlated with population growth rate and positively correlated with the length of the study used to parameterize the model. A doubling of study duration increased the estimated MVP by approximately 67%. The increase in extinction risk is associated with greater temporal variation in population size for models built from longer data sets. Short-term studies consistently underestimate the true variances for demographic parameters in populations. Thus, the lack of long-term studies for endangered species leads to widespread underestimation of extinction risk. The results of our simulations suggest that conservation programs, for wild populations, need to be designed to conserve habitat capable of supporting approximately 7000 adult vertebrates in order to ensure long-term persistence.     

乳酸菌培养液中活菌数与吸光度的关系研究

通过平板计数法测定脱脂乳为培养基的发酵液中乳酸菌的活菌数,并测其对应的吸光度,研究两者之间的相关关系。结果表明:在发酵过程中以脱脂乳为培养基的发酵液中乳酸菌的活菌数与吸光度之间呈线性相关关系。因此,通过测定发酵液的吸光度可以评定发酵乳制品中乳酸菌的活菌数。     

淡紫拟青霉E16液体发酵工艺研究

以活菌数为检测指标,通过单因子和正交试验对淡紫拟青霉 E16液体发酵工艺进行优化。结果表明,淡紫拟青霉E16发酵最佳液体培养基配方为：白砂糖1.5％（质量分数,下同）,大豆粉1％,磷酸二氢钾0.1％,硫酸锌0.01％;最佳发酵条件为：起始 pH 值6,500 mL 三角瓶装液量30％,接菌量5％,培养温度30℃,摇床转速150 r／min,培养时间4 d。在最佳发酵培养基和发酵条件下,淡紫拟青霉E16产生的活菌数为9.80×109 cfu／mL,较优化前提高近1个数量级。     

Pragmatic population viability targets in a rapidly changing world

To ensure both long-term persistence and evolutionary potential, the required number of individuals in a population often greatly exceeds the targets proposed by conservation management. We critically review minimum population size requirements for species based on empirical and theoretical estimates made over the past few decades. This literature collectively shows that thousands (not hundreds) of individuals are required for a population to have an acceptable probability of riding-out environmental fluctuation and catastrophic events, and ensuring the continuation of evolutionary processes. The evidence is clear, yet conservation policy does not appear to reflect these findings, with pragmatic concerns on feasibility over-riding biological risk assessment. As such, we argue that conservation biology faces a dilemma akin to those working on the physical basis of climate change, where scientific recommendations on carbon emission reductions are compromised by policy makers. There is no obvious resolution other than a more explicit acceptance of the trade-offs implied when population viability requirements are ignored. We recommend that conservation planners include demographic and genetic thresholds in their assessments, and recognise implicit triage where these are not met.     

酸乳发酵剂对羊乳发酵特性的研究

以羊奶粉为原料,选取4种由保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌组成的乳酸菌基础发酵剂对羊乳进行发酵,通过测定发酵过程中羊乳的活菌数、酸度、pH值及黏度,研究这4种发酵剂的发酵特性.结果表明,在40 ℃条件下,YO-MIX499,YO-MIX300,FVV121,YO-MIX883四种基础发酵剂发酵羊乳,12～18 h活菌数达到最大值,分别为11.00×108,6.74×108,6.89×108,7.02×108 CFU/mL;酸度和黏度均随发酵时间的延长而增大,其中YO-MIX883产黏性最好,YO-MIX300产酸性最好.     

粪肠球菌F71的增殖培养基优化研究

为达到增殖菌体的目的,对粪肠球菌F71进行了培养基优化正交试验。结果表明,最佳培养基的组成为:胰蛋白胨10 g/L,酵母粉10 g/L,葡萄糖10 g/L,无水氯化钙0.04 g/L,七水合硫酸镁0.019 2 g/L,磷酸氢二钾0.04 g/L,磷酸二氢钾0.04 g/L,磷酸氢钠0.4 g/L,氯化钠0.08 g/L,土豆汁50 g/L,碳酸钙1 g/L,乙酸钠10 g/L,碳酸铵2 g/L,乙酸铵1 g/L,半胱氨酸盐酸盐0.5 g/L,pH值为9,最适培养温度为35℃。用此培养基进行增殖,F71的最高活菌数达到2.78×108 cfu/mL,比基础培养基提高了54.6%。     

贮藏温度对炝蟹品质的影响

为阐明不同贮藏温度下炝蟹品质的变化和食用安全性,本试验以三疣梭子蟹为材料制作炝蟹,探讨冻藏(-18℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下炝蟹感官品质、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和生物胺的变化规律,并对其生物胺与其他品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,贮藏温度对炝蟹感官品质TVC、TVB-N等指标的劣变具有显著的影响。-18℃冻藏和4℃冷藏条件下,炝蟹感官品质分别于第10天和第6个月超出可接受限值;随着贮藏时间的延长,4℃冷藏条件下炝蟹TVC值显著增加,但至贮藏16 d时仍小于5 lg(CFU·g^-1),TVB-N值于贮藏12 d时超出一级鲜度临界值;-18℃冻藏过程中炝蟹TVC值略有增加,但变化不显著,TVB-N值于第6个月超出一级鲜度临界值。4℃冷藏过程中炝蟹中共检测出8种生物胺,而-18℃冻藏过程中共检测出5种生物胺。此外,色胺、腐胺和酪胺是炝蟹贮藏过程中产生的主要生物胺,且与其他品质均具有显著相关性。本研究结果为炝蟹在贮藏过程中的安全性和货架期预测提供了理论依据。