新疆区域高空气温变化特征分析

运用再分析资料(NCEP/NCAR)分析了新疆区域高空年均气温变化特征,同时运用逐步回归法对新疆高空冷月(1月)、暖月(7月)实测气温数据进行缺测插补,并通过交叉验证法对插补数据进行精度检验,在此基础上分析了新疆区域冷月、暖月高空气温变化特征,运用插补重建后的高空实测数据对1月、7月再分析资料(NCEP/NCAR)进行...     

Mixed stream channel morphologies: implications for fish community diversity

• 1. Stream classification systems are widely used in stream management and restoration. Whereas the principal morphological types of these classification systems are increasingly recognized for their ecological connections, the roles of intermediate and mixed morphologies are still poorly understood, yet may be biologically significant.
• 2. Twenty‐five stream reaches in north‐western Vermont were classified by channel morphology to determine whether fish community diversity differed among pool‐riffle, mixed (i.e. pool‐riffle/cascade, pool‐riffle/other) and forced pool‐riffle stream morphological groups. Stream reach surveys included cross‐sectional surveys, longitudinal profiles, bed substrate characterization, and fish surveys.
• 3. Three fish community diversity measures were calculated: (1) species richness (S); (2) Shannon–Weaver Index (H′); and (3) Simpson's Index (1/D). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to explore potential differences in fish diversity among stream morphological groups. Fish diversity was significantly different for all three community diversity measures (P?0.05), with pool‐riffle/cascade morphology consistently exhibiting the greatest fish diversity and forced pool‐riffle the lowest.
• 4. These results suggest that fish community diversity is significantly associated with distinct channel morphologies. Generally, pool‐riffle/cascade and pool‐riffle/other stream morphological groups supported habitats that fostered greater species diversity than more homogeneous and uniform pool‐riffle reaches. The observed patterns of diversity are likely to be the result of habitat patches created by variations in flow and other physical characteristics in reaches of mixed morphologies.
• 5. These results support fish sampling schemes that incorporate morphological heterogeneity, such as proportional‐distance designation. Sampling strategies that focus on homogeneous reaches may underestimate diversity, and misrepresent stream condition when fish community data are used in indices of biological integrity (IBIs). Reaches of mixed stream morphologies should be recognized as areas of biological importance in stream and catchment management and in conservation efforts.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

都柳江不同河段急流一深潭—沙（砾）滩系统底质酶活性研究

本文以贵州省境内人工干扰较少的都柳江为研究对象,对急流-深潭-沙（砾）滩系统中底质酶活性进行研究。结果表明：（1）都柳江不同河段底质中酶活性的的总体变化趋势为：过氧化氢酶活性沙（砾）滩〉急流〉深潭,磷酸酶和脲酶活性都是深潭〉急流〉沙（砾）滩,脱氢酶活性变化规律不明显;在急流—深潭—沙（砾）滩系统中,过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性在深潭和急流中的最大值都在下游,沙（砾）滩的最大值在中游,磷酸酶活性的最大值均在上游,而脱氢酶活性在深潭和急流的最大值都在中游,在沙（砾）滩中的最大值在下游。（2）都柳江的河道形态结构因子与深潭中底质酶活性有一定关系,而与急流和沙（砾）滩中底质酶活性的关系不明显。（3）急流和深潭中的氮素水平与底质中的酶活性有一定的关系,其中与脲酶活性的关系尤为突出;磷素水平与底质中酶活性没有明显的相关性;电导率和COD与底质酶活性有着明显的相关性;溶解氧与急流中的过氧化氢酶有极显著正相关。研究结果为河道生物修复提供了一定的理论依据。     

Fecundity of First-Generation Captively Reared Heterelmis comalensis (Coleoptera: Elmidae)

The Comal Springs riffle beetle Heterelmis comalensis Bosse, Tuff, and Brown is listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Rearing this species in captivity is important to maintaining a refuge which is a goal of the Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan. Although captive larval production has been observed for years, the production of larvae per female has been relatively unknown. Production chambers were constructed from PVC to house one female and male and the production of larvae was monitored ca. monthly until the female died. Females were found to be iteroparous and produced 29.3 ± 37.1 larvae. The number of larvae produced was found to be a function of female longevity rather than size. Other aspects of captive production and observations from the study are discussed.     

西北地区气候异常与前期环流场异常的关系

利用奇异值分解法(SVD)分析了西北地区季节(春、夏、秋)降水、冬季气温异常与前期高空环流异常的关系,结果表明:前期的高空环流异常对西北地区季节降水、冬季气温异常有重要影响,且与各季节降水和冬季气温异常相对应的前期高空环流异常在前期不同阶段各有其特点.前期的高空环流异常对季节降水和冬季气温异常有一定的预测意义.     

中国西北地区夏季降水的气候特征

利用西北地区119个气象站1961-2000年夏季降水资料,分析其空间分布特征和时间变化规律.选择典型多雨与少雨年,对美国NCEP/NCAR高空流、地气系统射出的长波辐射(OLR)场、赤道北太平洋海温(SST)与西北夏季降水的关系进行对比分析.结果表明:西北地区夏季降水具有明显的空间差异,最少的是新疆的吐鲁番气象站,为6.7 mm,最多的是陕西的佛坪气象站,为446.9 mm.多雨年北半球500 hPa极涡明显浅,西太平洋副热带高压强,700 hPa矢量风距平场中国西北地区为辐合区,700 hPa比湿距平中心位于中国西北地区,OLR主要负距平中心在西北地区,SST负距平主要在赤道太平洋东部.少雨年500 hPa极涡深,西太平洋副热带高压很弱,700 hPa矢量风距平场中国西北地区为辐散区,700 hPa比湿距正中心位于孟加拉湾西部,OLR主要正距平中心在西北地区;SST正距平主要在赤道太平洋东部.     

不同地类绿竹栽培效果研究

对绿竹山地及河滩地造林对比试验表明 ,山地集约经营的绿竹林从林分结构特点上表现出一定程度的散生性 ,而河滩上绿竹表现为较强的丛生 ;绿竹造林后新竹增长水平较为接近 ,但至稳定时 ,竹株胸径以河滩地为大 ,山地又以Ⅰ、Ⅱ级地为大 ;竹高与胸径的变化基本一致。绿竹平均单株产笋量以山地Ⅰ级最好 ,Ⅱ级其次 ,河滩Ⅱ级第三 ,山地Ⅲ级第四 ,而河滩Ⅲ级最差 ;各地类间单个笋重差异不显著。山地ⅠⅡ级地与河滩Ⅱ级地一样 ,同样是绿竹理想的造林地 ,山坡中下部可作为绿竹造林的新空间 ;研究结果为山地绿竹造林提供了依据。     

Assemblage structure and habitat use of fishes in a Central European submontane stream: a patch-based approach

Abstract –  We examined macrohabitat patch level assemblage composition and habitat use patterns of fishes over four seasons in a second-order submontane stream (Danube drainage, Hungary). Rainfall data indicated that our study included both high- and low-water periods, and hence our results may be applicable to broader time scales. Principal component analysis of physical habitat data from 13 macrohabitat patches indicated that these patches represented a riffle-pool continuum. Correspondence analysis of fish assemblage structure data from these patches identified a continuum in assemblage composition that was positively correlated with the habitat continuum. The riffle fauna was dominated by stone loach ( Barbatula barbatula ), whereas chub ( Leuciscus cephalus ) were most abundant in pool patches. We detected little evidence of seasonality in either fish assemblage structure or habitat use. Fish density did not differ significantly among macrohabitat patches in two (summer and autumn 1999) of three seasonal samples, although riffle patches displayed significantly higher fish abundance in late spring 2000. This difference primarily was due to higher abundance of juvenile stone loach in riffles. Two species, stone loach and minnow ( Phoxinus phoxinus ), displayed generalized habitat use patterns, whereas chub and rare species (i.e., gudgeon, Gobio gobio ; dace, Leuciscus leuciscus ; Barbus petenyi ; and burbot, Lota lota ) were significantly over-represented in pool habitats. We hypothesized that pool specialists (i.e., chub and rare species) were responding primarily to the increased depth of these habitats. Nevertheless, our data did not demonstrate the presence of separate pool and riffle habitat guilds. In conclusion, we believe that our understanding of stream fish ecology will be greatly facilitated by use of a 'patch-based approach'.     

实验室粮食样品自动分样器的研制

论述了实验室粮食样品自动分样器的工作原理、取样流程、结构组成和设备特点。该设备通过机电一体化设计,模拟人工分样,实现了粮食样品分样的自动化,降低了劳动强度,保障了质检人员的健康安全,开发后将成为各级质检机构必备的粮食样品前处理设备。     

2006年4月4～6日河西走廊沙尘暴天气的成因分析

利用实时气象资料,对2006年4月4~6日发生在河西走廊的沙尘暴天气进行分析。结果表明:中尺度地面切变线和蒙古气旋及其冷锋是河西走廊发生沙尘暴天气的地面影响系统,高空急流在沙尘暴天气的发生过程中也发挥了重要作用;沙尘暴发生区域在200 hPa高空急流出口区右侧、500 hPa正涡度中心下风方的正涡度平流中心附近。在沙尘暴发生时,沙尘暴发生区域的大气处于高能量、不稳定状态。