16S rRNA在兽医病原菌分类鉴定中的应用

介绍16S rRNA基因的特点，阐述其用于病原菌分类鉴定的基本原理，综述其在兽医病原菌分类鉴定中的应用。     

Goat horns: Platforms for viroid transmission to fruit trees?

Mechanical inoculations with contaminating tools and propagation of infected budwood were considered the main causes for the omnipresence of multiple viroid species among citrus and other Middle Eastern and Mediterranean fruit trees and grapevines. However, neither means could explain viroid infections of wild trees — scattered on terrains inaccessible to humans — nor the finding of similar viroids among graft-incompatible plants. Northern hybridization of RNA extracts made of scrapings from the surfaces of goat (Capra hircus) horns that were rubbed against etrog (Citrus medica) stems infected with a citrus viroids complex, revealed accumulation of considerable amounts ofCitrus exocortis viroids (CEVd) andHop stunt viroids (HSVd). Experimental transmission of both CEVd and HSVd was obtained by rubbing healthy citrus plants with goat horns that had been rubbed 24 h earlier on infected etrog stems. These results implicate goats as possible vectors of viroids. Transmissionvia goats could have facilitated the long-range spread of viroids among cultivated and wild plants andvice versa and also among graft-incompatible plants.     

Biological and Physical Constraints on Maize Production in the Humid Forest and Western Highlands of Cameroon

The aim was to identify biological and physical factors responsible for reducing maize yield in Cameroon. Two surveys were conducted in 137 fields in two agroecological zones in 1995–1997. In the Humid Forest (HF), Bipolaris maydis, Stenocarpella macrospora, Puccinia polysora, Rhizoctonia solani and soil fertility were factors that reduced maize production in 1995 and 1996. In the Western Highlands (WHL), Cercospora zeae-maydis, and the interaction between soil fertility and maize variety were the most important constraints to maize production in 1996. In 1997, C. zeae-maydis, S. macrospora, physiological spot and stem borer damage (Busseola fusca) were negatively related to ear weight. The combination of these biological factors (diseases and insects), and the physical parameter of soil fertility were responsible for reducing maize yield in these selected benchmarks of Cameroon. Maximum potential yield reductions were estimated at 68% due to B. maydis and 46% due to S. macrospora, respectively, in the HF in 1995. In 1996, maximum potential yield reductions in the HF were estimated at 34%, 41% and 30% due to S. macrospora, P. polysora and R. solani, respectively. In the WHL, C. zeae-maydis had the potential to cause a yield reduction of 79% in 1996. In the WHL in 1997, the interaction between C. zeae-maydis and B. fusca, stem diseases and the physiological spot caused potential reductions of 52%, 34% and 39%, respectively.     

Humanized mice in infectious diseases

The pathogenesis of infectious agents with human tropism can only be properly studied in an in vivo model featuring human cells or tissue. Humanized mice represent a small animal model featuring human cells or tissue that can be infected by human-specific viruses, bacteria, and parasites and also providing a functional human immune system. This makes the analysis of a human immune response to infection possible and allows for preclinical testing of new vaccines and therapeutic agents. Results of various studies using humanized mice to investigate pathogens with human tropism are presented in this review. In addition, the limitations of humanized mice and methods to improve this valuable animal model are discussed.     

不同埋藏方式及杀菌剂处理对黄土高原3种植物种子存活的影响

为了探讨黄土高原典型草原植物病原真菌如何影响土壤种子存活,采用“种子袋埋藏与取回”的方法,对该地区3种常见植物胡枝子、长芒草和狗尾草种子进行杀菌剂处理、并且以不同方式（单种或者不同种混合）装入尼龙网袋后埋入土壤中,在田间分别埋藏1和3个月后取回种子袋,统计每袋种子的存活情况,并且进行萌发试验,检测种子生活力状况。结果表明：1）长芒草种子的田间发芽率最高,平均约为51.9%,显著高于胡枝子（14.6%）和狗尾草（26.1%）（P<0.05）;随着埋藏时间的增加,3种植物种子发芽率显著增加;然而杀菌剂处理以及不同埋藏方式对种子发芽率没有显著影响。2）胡枝子种子的田间死亡率最低,平均约为1%,长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为5.1%和4.4%;埋藏1个月后,杀菌剂未处理和单种埋藏条件下长芒草和狗尾草种子的田间死亡率分别为12.5%和11.0%,显著高于其他处理组合下两种植物种子的死亡率（P<0.05）;胡枝子种子在埋藏1和3个月时,其种子死亡率在不同处理组合之间均无显著差异。3）长芒草种子的室内萌发率最高,平均约为64.3%,显著高于胡枝子（5.9%）和狗尾草（29.2%）（P<0.05）。随着埋藏时间的增加,胡枝子和狗尾草种子的室内萌发率显著下降,而长芒草种子的室内萌发率却显著增加。结果表明,病原真菌对土壤种子存活的影响因植物种而异;较单种埋藏相比,混合埋藏降低了种子的死亡率,可能是由于混合埋藏稀释了病原真菌的效应所致。     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆防治土传病害研究进展及未来发展趋势

棉隆对病原细菌、真菌、根结线虫及杂草均有较高防效,而且作为固体微颗粒剂具有使用简单、安全的特性,被广泛用于作物种植前熏蒸土壤以防治土传病虫害。施用过程中,土壤环境因素（包括土壤类型、土壤温湿度、土壤有机质及pH等）、施药方式、施药季节和施药剂量均会对棉隆的熏蒸效果产生显著影响,不正确的使用方式常会导致熏蒸效果不理想或产生药害问题。该文系统综述土壤熏蒸剂棉隆的使用概况（包括作用机制、适用作物、施用方式和施用效果等）、存在的问题及原因分析（包括施用深度、水分、温度对棉隆有效成分含量的影响及其熏蒸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响等）、解决对策（包括改善施药方式、优化土壤环境和活化熏蒸后土壤微生物等）以及未来发展趋势,以期为棉隆的高效应用提供借鉴。     

Target and non-target site mechanisms of fungicide resistance and their implications for the management of crop pathogens

Fungicides are indispensable for high-quality crops, but the rapid emergence and evolution of fungicide resistance have become the most important issues in modern agriculture. Hence, the sustainability and profitability of agricultural production have been challenged due to the limited number of fungicide chemical classes. Resistance to site-specific fungicides has principally been linked to target and non-target site mechanisms. These mechanisms change the structure or expression level, affecting fungicide efficacy and resulting in different and varying resistance levels. This review provides background information about fungicide resistance mechanisms and their implications for developing anti-resistance strategies in plant pathogens. Here, our purpose was to review changes at the target and non-target sites of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, methyl-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) fungicides, demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides and to evaluate if they may also be associated with a fitness cost on crop pathogen populations. The current knowledge suggests that understanding fungicide resistance mechanisms can facilitate resistance monitoring and assist in developing anti-resistance strategies and new fungicide molecules to help solve this issue. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

The culturable leaf mycobiome of Viscum album subsp. austriacum

In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased V. album subsp. austriacum leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botryosphaeria visci, Fusarium paeoniae and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was M. olivacea, followed by A. alternata, A. pullulans and Hypoxylon rubiginosum. In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty-brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) M. olivacea, B. visci, F. paeoniae and A. alternata, while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were M. olivacea, A. alternata, A. pullulans, Epicoccum layuense and F. paeoniae. This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of V. album subsp. austriacum in Poland. This study was also the first report of F. paeoniae, F. juglandicola, Diaporthe vacuae and Heterotruncatella spartii from V. album, and the first report of D. vacuae and H. spartii in Poland.     

Identification of endophytic fungi of grapevine with emphasis on the causal agents of grapevine trunk disease in the vineyards of Zanjan Province in Iran

Trunk disease is a major problem on grapevine in Zanjan province, causing serious decline, despite which its aetiology remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors involved in grapevine decline in vineyards of Zanjan province. Samples were collected from twigs and branches of grapevines in the region between October and November 2018. Fungal isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics and ITS-rDNA sequence data for selected isolates. The frequency and diversity of the fungal community recovered from grapevines in Darreh Sejin in Zanjan province were higher than in other regions. A total of 112 fungal isolates comprising 22 species were recovered. Phaeoacremonium minimum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea and Kalmusia variispora were identified as the dominant species in the region examined and could be considered the main trunk pathogens of grapevines in Zanjan region. In inoculation tests, M. olivacea was proved to be pathogenic on grapevine for the first time in this study.