Decoding attraction: Improving vine weevil monitoring by exploiting key sensory cues

BACKGROUND

Monitoring is an integral component of integrated pest management (IPM) programmes used to inform crop management decisions. Vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus F. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), continues to cause economically significant losses in horticultural crops due to an inability to reliably detect the presence of this species before crop damage occurs. To improve vine weevil monitoring we investigated the behavioural responses of adult vine weevils to visual (monitoring tool shade/colour, height and diameter as well as the effect of monitoring tool and plant density) and olfactory (host plant and conspecifics) cues under glasshouse conditions.

RESULTS

Monitoring tool shade, height and diameter all influenced monitoring tool efficacy, with individuals exhibiting a preference for black, tall and wide monitoring tools. The total number of individuals recorded in monitoring tools increased with monitoring tool density. By contrast, plant density did not influence the number of individuals recorded in monitoring tools. Yew-baited monitoring tools retained a larger number of individuals compared to unbaited ones. Similarly, more vine weevils were recorded in monitoring tools baited with yew and conspecifics than in unbaited monitoring tools or those baited with only yew. Baiting monitoring tools with conspecifics alone did not enhance the number of vine weevils recorded in monitoring tools.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study confirms that visual and olfactory cues influence vine weevil behaviour. This provides information on key factors that influence vine weevil monitoring tool efficacy and can be used to inform the development of a new monitoring tool for this pest. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

赤眼蜂寄主选择性及其机理研究(Ⅱ) 赤眼蜂对寄主的选择行为及其机理分析

3种赤眼蜂在多种寄主卵单独或共存条件下,趋向产卵的行为反应趋势相似。各“蜂—卵”组合之间,在上卵蜂率,偏嗜指数等行为反应指标上均有明显差异。该趋势与寄生特性不尽吻合,不同蜂种对不同寄主卵有各自的偏嗜性选择。繁蜂所用中间寄主卵,对蜂种原有的寄主选择嗜好性具有驯化改造作用,赤眼蜂对寄主卵的有机溶剂抽提物有敏感的趋向行为发生,赤眼蜂对寄主的选择性行为可能与寄主卵的化学信息物质有关。     

昆虫化学信息物质概述

昆虫化学信息物质以其微量i高效、无污染、与农药兼容等特点而成为当前世界各国昆虫学家研究的热点问题，它们的应用范围非常广泛，本文对昆虫化学信息物质的概念进行了综述，阐述了其包含的种类的相互关系和相应的概念以及在农、林业害虫领域中的应用效果，展望了昆虫化学信息物质的发展前景。     

Repression of Ips typographus Infestations in Stored Logs by Semiochemicals

Logs of fresh‐felled Norway spruce were stored close to the south‐facing edges of clear‐cuts from the previous winter and treated with controlled release formulation of: 1. The pheromone components verbenone and ipsenol, which act as antiaggregative pheromone in Ips typographus. 2. Turpentine, a by‐product derived from pulp mills. The experiments were conducted in 3 locations in South‐Norway during a 3‐year period. All experiments show that treatments with a combination of verbenone and ipsenol released from laminated structure dispensers significantly reduced the attack density of I. typographus, whereas turpentine treatment had no effect on the rate of beetle infestations.     

Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L^?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC₅₀ values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

A review of host finding behaviour in the parasitic sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Caligidae: Copepoda)

Ectoparasitic sea lice are the most important parasite problem to date for the salmon farming industry in the northern and southern hemispheres. An understanding of host location in the specialist species, Lepeophtheirus salmonis , the most important louse species in the North Atlantic, is now being realized using behavioural in vitro and in vivo bioassays coupled with chemical analysis of fish conditioned waters. Both physical and chemical cues are important in host location. Responses of sea lice to physical cues such as light and salinity may enable them to gather in areas where host fish are likely to be found. Mechanoreception is an important sensory modality in host location and acts by switching on specific behaviours that enable landing on a fish. Chemoreception plays a defining role in host location and recognition. The detection of host kairomones switches on 'host search' behavioural patterns and also induces landing responses whereas non-host kairomones fail to induce attraction or significant landing behaviour. Semiochemicals derived from salmon and also non-host fish have been identified, and may prove useful for the development of integrated pest management strategies, by the introduction of odour traps for monitoring lice numbers, and by the use of stimulo-deterrent diversionary (push:pull) strategies in their control.     

不同信息化学物质对4种松树小蠹虫的野外诱集效果研究

为了对小蠹虫进行野外监测和防治,采用人工合成的缓释性信息化合物诱芯和国产漏斗式诱捕器,研究了α-蒎烯(Alphapinene,AP)、壬醛(nonanal,NL)、反式马鞭草烯醇(Trans-verbemol,,TV)和桃金娘烯醇(myrtenol,MT)信息化学物质对黄色梢小蠹、纵坑切梢小蠹、横坑切梢小蠹和红松根小蠹4种松树小蠹虫的林问诱集效果.结果表明:信息化学物质处理对4种小蠹虫的诱集效果显著,2AP诱芯对黄色梢小蠹的诱集量(17.5头)显著高于CK和其他处理,诱集效果最好,是CK的25倍;信息化学物质处珲对纵坑切梢小蠹、横坑切梢小蠹和红松根小蠹的诱集量显著高于CK.不同信息化学物质处理间诱集量差异不显著;2AP+NL+TV诱芯对纵坑切梢小蠹的诱集量最高,诱集效果是CK的612倍:2AP+NL+TV诱芯对横坑切梢小蠹的诱集量最高,诱集效果是CK的1085倍:2AP+NL+MT+TV诱芯对红松根小蠹引诱效果最好.是对照的136倍.2005-2006年,千山风景区黄色梢小蠹和横坑切梢小蠹的虫口密度较大.     

Potential for Nonhost Volatiles as Repellents in Integrated Pest Management of Ambrosia Beetles

Semiochemical-based mass trapping of the striped ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been the cornerstone of an integrated pest management (IPM) programme for ambrosia beetles on the British Columbia coast since 1981. However, there is no available tactic of protecting logs from attack that could be incorporated into the IPM programme. We tested nonhost volatiles (NHVs) from the bark of angiosperm trees for their ability to disrupt catches of T. lineatum in multiple-funnel traps baited with the aggregation pheromone lineatin. In one set of experiments, a blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol caused 77.9% and 80.0% reduction in captures of males and females, respectively, and in another a blend of methyl salicylate and salicylaldehyde caused reductions of 65.0% for males and 66.9% for females. All four NHVs combined caused reductions in captures for males and females of 82.3% and 81.4%, respectively, not much greater than to the blend of 1-hexanol and benzyl alcohol. However, because both blends were active alone, their redundancy when combined lends confidence to the selection of the four-component blend for operational testing. Although disruption was increased when a 16-component NHV blend was tested, or when (±)–(E)-conophthorin was added to the four-component blend, addition of more compounds to the four-component blend was not considered operationally or economically justifiable. When deployed from low-density polyethylene tubes stapled along the length of pheromone-baited conifer logs, this blend caused prolonged and significant reductions in landing by T. lineatum and also by Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and G. retusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). However, attacking beetles generally overcame the NHV treatment by the end of the flight period, leading to similar attack densities on treated and control logs. Therefore, we recommend that further operational investigations explore using repellent NHVs in combination with disruptive visual, tactile or gustatory stimuli.     

Aphid Antixenosis Mediated by Volatiles in Cereals

Abstract

Experimental results indicate the existence of an inducible system that can temporarily help cereal plants to defend themselves against cereal aphids. The induction is released by volatiles emitted when aphids attack a neighbour plant individual. Similar effects are obtained with mildew attacked plants. The system shows moderate specificity and affects the allocation of biomass in the plant.     

应用信息化合物监测纵坑切梢小蠹效果初报

在长春净月潭林场应用信息化合物监测了纵坑切梢小蠹发生区、发生期和发生量,结果表明:诱捕器监测准确率达100%;在试验林分的虫口密度范围内,信息化合物的诱集量与林分被害程度呈正相关关系;纵坑切梢小蠹在净月潭于4月上旬开始扬飞,第1次高峰期出现在4月末5月初,第2次高峰期出现在5月中旬,至6月中下旬为扬飞末期。