Effects of surfactants and simulated rainfall on the efficacy of the Engame formulation of glyphosate in johnsongrass, prickly sida and yellow nutsedge

The effects of surfactants and simulated rain were investigated on the efficacy of Engame and Roundup Ultramax formulations of glyphosate on johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense L.), prickly sida ( Sida spinosa L.) and yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus L.). Flame surfactant provided the greatest enhancement of Engame efficacy and the effect was species-dependent. Flame enhanced the activity of Engame on johnsongrass and yellow nutsedge but not on prickly sida. Engame and Engame plus Flame were more active than Roundup Ultramax on a glyphosate acid-equivalent basis on johnsongrass without rain, and on yellow nutsedge with or without rain. The Engame and Roundup Ultramax activities on johnsongrass were similar with rain, and rain occurring between five and 30 min after treatment diminished their activities to < 38% of the control. With the addition of Flame surfactant, Engame activity on johnsongrass increased, such that 50% and 80% of the control were realized, even with rain occurring between five and 15 min after treatment, respectively. Engame and Roundup Ultramax provided better control of prickly sida than of johnsongrass following a rain event. The addition of Flame surfactant to Engame did not enhance the activity on prickly sida. Yellow nutsedge control with Engame and Engame plus Flame was greater than with Roundup Ultramax and rain had little effect on control regardless of the length of the rain-free period. These results demonstrated that the activities of Engame, Engame plus Flame and Roundup Ultramax were species-dependent and surfactant-dependent.     

Enhancing biological efficacy and rainfastness of foliar applied calcium chloride solutions by addition of rapeseedoil surfactants

The efficacy of a homologous series of biodegradable rapeseedoil derivatives (triglyceride ethoxylates; Agnique RSO® series, Cognis, Düsseldorf, Germany) with an average of 5, 10, 30, and 60 units of ethylene oxide (EO) as adjuvants for foliar‐applied calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was evaluated in Malus domestica L. Borkh. Previous experiments revealed that the surfactants used are not phytotoxic. All the surfactants applied decreased contact angles of spray solutions. The lipophilic surfactants RSO 5 and RSO 10 reduced contact angles more than the hydrophilic ones. Drying time of spray droplets was most prolonged when RSO 5 was added. Our data provide evidence that the most lipophilic surfactant RSO 5 can enhance Ca penetration, which was shown in isolated cuticles of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Panovy) as a model system. The surfactant effect was most pronounced during the first 4 h and reached a plateau after 24 h. Rainfastness of Ca on surfaces of Malus domestica leaves was improved when RSO 5 was added to CaCl₂ spray solutions. All surfactants applied improved rainfastness of Ca on ’︁Braeburn’ fruit surfaces compared to the treatment with CaCl₂ alone. Under field conditions, leaf/fruit application of CaCl₂/RSO 5 led to an increased Ca content in ’︁Braeburn’ apple fruits and a reduced bitter pit incidence.     

Rainfastness and adsorption of herbicides on hard surfaces

Herbicides are still used to control weeds on hard surfaces, including municipal, private and industrial sites. Used under unfavourable conditions, especially when rain occurs shortly after application, herbicides may run off to surface waters. Such losses of herbicides from hard surfaces are estimated to be much higher than for herbicides used in arable fields. In this study, three kinds of hard surface were evaluated: asphalt, concrete surface and gravel (fine and coarse). Three herbicides were applied: glyphosate, diuron and diflufenican. Adsorption isotherms of diuron and diflufenican to the three surfaces were determined. At different times after treatment with the herbicides, rainfall was simulated by use of a rain-droplet spray nozzle, and the run-off was collected for analysis. After this run-off event, the materials were immersed in water to measure desorption which, together with the compound in the run-off, gave a measure of the dislodgable residues. The apolar herbicides diuron and especially diflufenican adsorbed strongly to asphalt. The polar herbicide glyphosate lost 75% in run-off from asphalt but was adsorbed strongly to soil and concrete pavement.     

四种喷雾助剂对嘧菌酯在玉米叶片上耐雨水冲刷能力及其对玉米安全性的影响

在室内模拟雨水冲刷条件下,分别通过荧光显微镜法和高效液相色谱法探究了添加4种自制喷雾助剂AY904-1 (含有40%乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸共聚物和10%异构醇聚氧乙烯醚)、AY904-2 (含有30%乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物和10%异构醇聚氧乙烯醚)、AY904-3 (含有20%乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物和10%异构醇聚氧乙烯醚) 和AY904-4 (含有10%乙酸乙烯酯-丙烯酸丁酯共聚物和10%异构醇聚氧乙烯醚) 对提高嘧菌酯在玉米叶片表面耐雨水冲刷效果的影响,并测定了喷雾助剂对嘧菌酯药液物理性状及其玉米安全性的影响。结果表明:在室内模拟冲刷试验中,两种检测方法所测结果具有良好的相关性;在嘧菌酯中添加质量分数为0.1%~1.0%的AY904-1和AY904-2以及添加质量分数为0.5%~1.0%的AY904-3和AY904-4均可显著提高嘧菌酯在玉米叶片上的持留量,且助剂的添加量越大,耐冲刷效果越好,其中以AY904-1的效果最好。在嘧菌酯药液中添加4种喷雾助剂,均能降低药液在玉米叶片表面的接触角,但与嘧菌酯药剂对照相比无显著差异。AY904-1和AY904-2的干燥薄膜在水中溶胀度较低,成膜性能较好。将4种喷雾助剂与氯虫苯甲酰胺药液桶混后喷雾,发现其对3个品种玉米均有很高的安全性。     

Effect of rain on efficacy of fungicide deposits on potato againstPhytophthora infestans

Summary The influence of the intensity of rain and the interval between application of fungicides and the onset of rain on the efficacy of maneb-fentinacetate and fluazinam againstPhytophthora infestans in potato was evaluated in pot trials and field trials. In the pot trials a clear wash-off of maneb-fentinacetate was observed when simulated rain was applied 4 hours after plants had been sprayed with the fungicide. The retention of fluazinam deposits was higher and in some trials the efficacy in the bioassay was even increased by rain, probably by redistribution from the spray deposits. When 10 mm of simulated rain was applied 4–6 days after application of the fungicides, no decrease in the efficacy was observed with both fungicides. In the field trials fluazinam also showed a better retention of deposits compared with maneb-fentinacetate.     

松脂二烯在植物叶片表面的成膜性能

为明确松脂二烯 (pinolene) 提高农药田间防效的机理,研究了其在植物叶片表面的成膜性能。以红叶石楠和山核桃为试材,分别将3%噻虫啉微囊悬浮剂和2%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂与松脂二烯桶混后喷施到植物叶片上,通过电镜及光合测定仪,观测了松脂二烯对农药药液在叶片表面的成膜形态及其对光合作用的影响;通过人工模拟降雨和氙灯光照,研究了松脂二烯抗雨水冲刷能力和抗光解能力。结果表明:添加松脂二烯的农药颗粒表面均有一层明显的油状包被。在不同雨水冲刷时间段,添加松脂二烯的噻虫啉处理组植物叶片上的农药保持量均显著高于对照组;松脂二烯和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐混用,能显著降低甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的光分解速率;松脂二烯叶片成膜致其光合速率下降5.16%,但与对照无显著差异。本研究结果表明,松脂二烯和农药混用,可增加农药有效成分在植物叶片上的成膜性,且对植物光合作用影响较小,可有效减少农药受雨水冲刷损失和光解速率,延长农药持效期。     

Tralkoxydim: adjuvant, MCPA and other effects

The effects of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium salts, mineral oil adjuvants, MCPA and time of day applied were determined for tralkoxydim activity. The influence of MCPA and sodium bicarbonate on herbicide rainfastness was also investigated. All the ammonium salts used overcame sodium bicarbonate antagonism. Ammonium salts were also beneficial in deionized water. Ammonium sulphate was the most effective salt followed by ammonium nitrate. Ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide were less effective in sodium bicarbonate containing carriers. TF 8035 was a more effective mineral oil adjuvant than Addit. Ammonium sulphate further increased herbicide activity especially with Addit. Ammonium sulphate was effective with TF 8035 only in the sodium bicarbonate containing carrier water. MCPA was antagonistic to tralkoxydim and ammonium sulphate could not overcome the antagonism but enhanced the activity of the tralkoxydim – MCPA combination. Herbicide efficacy increased when applied in the evening and this was most pronounced in sodium bicarbonate carriers. Rain 30 min after application reduced its activity, but had no effect when tralkoxydim was applied with MCPA. In certain cases, rain improved herbicide activity with MCPA. The results indicate the importance of antagonistic carriers and combinations, adjuvants, ammonium salts and time of day applied on tralkoxydim activity and rainfastness.     

杂草种类、叶龄及药后降水时间对烟嘧磺隆药效的影响

温室盆栽条件下研究了反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus、马唐Digitaria sanguinalis、稗草Echinochloa crus-galli、牛筋草Eleusine indica和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti 5种杂草对烟嘧磺隆的敏感性。结果表明:反枝苋和稗草对该药剂最敏感,而苘麻对烟嘧磺隆的耐药性最高。药液中添加2.5 mL/L的有机硅助剂Silwet L-77提高了对除马唐以外的所有草种的防除效果,表明在作用于马唐时Silwet L-77与烟嘧磺隆之间存在拮抗作用。杂草叶龄对烟嘧磺隆的药效有明显的影响,3~5叶期施药,防效高达89.9%以上,而7叶期的防效只有75%。药后1.5 h和3.0 h降水3 mm降低了烟嘧磺隆的防效,但药后6.0 h降雨对药效无显著影响。烟嘧磺隆与Silwet L-77混用,可提高药剂对反枝苋的抗雨水冲刷能力,但对马唐的效果没有提高。     

Effect of adjuvants on the rainfastness and performance of tribenuron‐methyl on broad‐leaved weeds

The influence of a non‐ionic surfactant (20% isodecyl alcohol ethoxylate plus 0.7% silicone surfactants), an anionic surfactant (25.5% alkylethersulfate sodium salt), and a vegetable oil (95% natural rapeseed oil with 5% compound emulsifiers) on the performance and rainfastness of a new commercial formulation of tribenuron‐methyl was assessed on four broad‐leaved weeds: wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum), common poppy (Papaver rhoeas), and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). In one experiment, six doses of tribenuron‐methyl alone or in a mixture with each of the three adjuvants were applied to each weed species at two different leaf stages. In another experiment, the plants of T. inodorum were sprayed and subsequently subjected to 3 mm of rain at 1, 2, and 4 h after treatment (HAT). The activity of tribenuron‐methyl was significantly enhanced by all the adjuvants on all the weed species and only minor differences were observed among the tested adjuvants. The impact of the adjuvants varied among the weed species and growth stages. The highest response to the inclusion of adjuvants in the spray liquid was found at the late growth stage and on C. album, followed by P. rhoeas and T. inodorum, while S. arvensis was less responsive to the adjuvants. All the adjuvants significantly improved the rainfastness of tribenuron‐methyl on T. inodorum, with differences among the adjuvants being more pronounced when rain occurred shortly after herbicide application. The effect of the vegetable oil on tribenuron‐methyl's rainfastness was significantly lower than that of the surfactants with rain at 1 HAT, while no significant differences among the three adjuvants were observed when rain occurred at 2 and 4 HAT.     

The effects of six adjuvants on the rainfastness of chlorpyrifos formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate

The chemically different adjuvants ‘Agral’, ‘Bond’, ‘Codacide Oil’, Li 700, ‘Silwet L’-77, and ‘Headland Guard’ were assayed to determine their effects on the rainfastness of an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Cabbage leaves were each treated with 200×0.25-μl droplets of diluted formulation using a hand-held microapplicator. Droplet deposits were left to air-dry for 1 h prior to exposure to simulated rainfall. Rain fastness was assessed using GC residue analyses of treated leaves after exposure to 10, 20 or 30 min simulated rainfall. The results indicated that the latex-based adjuvants ‘Bond’ and ‘Headland Guard’ induced a statistically significant increase in rainfastness, results for the other adjuvants assayed being either not significant or inconclusive. The results are discussed within the context of using adjuvants to enhance insecticide efficacy. ©1999 Society of Chemical Industry