Physiological Basis of Irrigation Scheduling for Seed Production in Egyptian Clover Syn. Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop

A field experiment was conducted to find out the critical physiological stages of irrigation schedules inducing better growth, physiological efficiency and seed yield potential of berseem ( Trifolium alexandrinum L., Var. S-99-1). For this purpose eight irrigation treatments were made comprised of four treatments of three irrigation (W₁, W₂, W₃ and W₄), three treatments of four irrigation (W₅, W₇ and W₈) and one treatment of five irrigation (W₆) at various physiological stages i. e. regeneration, flower initiation, full bloom, seed initiation and advance seed development stage.
Thus based on the experimental results the physiological role of watering in berseem seed production could be discussed as:
With-holding of irrigation either at regeneration or at full bloom stage developed potential water stress in plants as indicated by high proline content of irrigation treatments — W₄, W₁ and W₇; and further brought out disturbance on the formation of carotene, synthesis of water soluble sugar and translocation of sugar towards reproductive organs during grain development stage. These stresses adversely affected the plant growth and flowering behaviour. The irrigation at seed initiation stage increased the seed yield. Continuous irrigation did not appear to be useful. Thus it can be concluded that irrigation at three critical physiological stages i. e. regeneration, full bloom and seed initiation was found to be essential for obtaining potential seed yield of berseem.     

铅胁迫对金丝草生长及生理生化的影响

采用土培方法,探究不同梯度铅胁迫(0、1000、2000和3000 mg·kg^-1)对金丝草生长形态、体内抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明:低浓度(1000 mg·kg^-1)处理会诱导金丝草叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量和根系抗超氧阴离子自由基活力(ASAFR)、可溶性糖(SS)及脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,使得金丝草植株总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)处于较高水平,促进了金丝草株高、叶长和生物量的增加。随胁迫浓度增加,高浓度(2000~3000 mg·kg^-1)处理下,金丝草叶片和根系丙二醛(MDA)含量迅速增加,株高、叶长、叶面积和生物量下降,生长受到抑制。但金丝草通过增强叶片和根系POD、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性来抵御过氧化作用,提高可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量维持细胞正常运作,增加根系生物量占比来加强根系发育,一定程度适应了高浓度铅胁迫。综上表明,金丝草主要通过叶片和根系不同抗氧化酶差异化响应、提高渗透调节物质含量,提升金丝草植株总抗氧化能力等途径来提高Pb耐性,对Pb污染矿区植物修复有较大潜力。     

NaCl水分复合胁迫下宁夏十种主栽苜蓿品种幼苗体内脯氨酸含量变化

二次通用旋转组合设计盆栽试验,分析比较宁夏10种主栽苜蓿品种苗期在NaCl、水分复合胁迫下体内脯氨酸含量的变化,并对其抗盐、抗旱性进行初步评价。结果表明:NaCl胁迫对各品种体内脯氨酸含量的主效应除陇东和阿尔冈金苜蓿表现为负效应外,其它苜蓿品种均表现为正效应;水分胁迫对各品种的脯氨酸含量均表现为负效应;其单因素效应为:随NaCl胁迫的增加,各品种体内脯氨酸均有先减小,后增大的趋势;随水分胁迫的增加,各品种体内脯氨酸均有增加趋势;其交互效应表现为:NaCl、水分两因素对阿尔冈金、新疆大叶、宁苜1号、内蒙苜蓿和金皇后五个品种体内脯氨酸含量(Y)影响的交互效应不显著;其余五个品种CW301、三得利、陇东苜蓿、朝阳苜蓿和CW200交互作用显著,且均为负交互,交互作用的大小排序为:YCW301=Y陇东苜蓿>YCW200=Y三得利>Y朝阳苜蓿;以脯氨酸含量为主要指标对10个苜蓿品种抗盐、抗旱性初步排序:CW301>CW200>朝阳苜蓿>金皇后>宁苜1号>阿尔冈金>内蒙苜蓿>陇东苜蓿>三得利>新疆大叶。     

PEG处理葡萄试管苗生理反应及叶片组织形态研究

应用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG10000)处理红地球葡萄生根试管苗,在造成一定程度水分亏缺的情况下,观察葡萄试管苗的生理反应和植株生长、叶片形态解剖结构的变化。结果表明:在PEG处理下,葡萄生长发育迟滞,植株节间变短,株高变矮,但发根数量增加,根变长;新生叶片与对照比,叶片小而皱缩,气孔指数降低,上皮细胞排列更紧凑;同时葡萄试管苗脯氨酸的积累和内源ABA迅速增加。说明在一定强度的水分胁迫下,葡萄试管苗叶片的发育向增强其耐旱能力的方向进行,其渗透调节物质的积累是葡萄试管苗对长期水分胁迫的生理反应。     

Application of biochar in mitigation of negative effects of salinity stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop production throughout the world. Biochar is an activated carbon soil conditioner that can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity. The research was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of 1% and 2% of biochar application on wheat seed germination and growth attributes under salinity. Both levels of biochar improved the germination and growth conditions under salinity; however, 2% biochar level was more effective compared to 1% level. Root and shoot length increased up to 23% and11% with 2% biochar, respectively. The maximum increase of 16% and 10% in leaf water potential and osmotic potential was noted with 2% biochar at 150 mM salt. The decrease in proline content and soluble sugar at 2% biochar was 51% and 27%, respectively. Decrease in superoxide dismutase activity was 15.3% at 2% level of biochar under stress biochar mitigates the negative effects of salinity and improved wheat productivity.     

盐胁迫对阿月浑子可溶性糖、淀粉、脯氨酸含量的影响

本研究用NaCl和Na2SO4处理两个阿月浑子品种,处理浓度均为50,150,250,500mmol·L-1,盐胁迫5,10,20d后取叶样,并测定可溶性糖、淀粉、脯氨酸含量变化。NaCl,Na2SO4胁迫下,长果和Kerman叶片内可溶性糖含量明显增高,借此来维持细胞内的渗透平衡,其中Kerman植株中可溶性糖含量增加幅度大,而长果增加幅度较小;叶片内淀粉含量略有增高,使其能够维持一定的渗透平衡,其中Kerman植株中淀粉含量增加幅度大,长果的增加幅度相对较小;叶片内脯氨酸(Pro)含量迅速上升,来维持渗透平衡,当阿月浑子植株受到盐胁迫时,叶片中的Pro含量成倍增长。     

渗透胁迫对小麦萌发生长及某些生理生化特性的影响

采用聚乙一醇（PEG6000）渗透胁迫的方法,研究了两个不同抗旱性小麦品种对渗透胁迫反应的差异性。结果表明,渗透胁迫条件下,小麦的发芽率下降,细胞膜伤害程度和叶片脯氨酸的变化幅度与小麦抗旱性呈负相关。根系活力,活跃的根比表面积与小麦抗旱性呈正相关。     

有机态和无机态硼对柑橘枳橙砧木生长及生理的影响

以柑橘枳橙[Citrus siinensis(L.)Osb.×Poncirus trifoliata(L.)Raf.]砧木为试验材料,采用水培方式,研究有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸对其生长及各种生理指标的影响。两种形态硼都能增加砧木幼苗各部位的干、鲜质量和株高;有机态山梨醇—硼对地下部生长的促进作用尤为明显。有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸更易于向叶片等地上部位转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理根和茎中的硼含量与无机态硼酸处理没有显著差异,但叶片中的硼含量与硼积累量均显著高于无机态硼酸处理,叶片占总硼含量的比例也显著高于无机态硼酸处理。有机态山梨醇—硼处理各部位钾、钙、镁元素含量高于对照,而无机态硼酸处理各部位元素含量则比有机态山梨醇—硼处理高。缺硼易导致叶片中糖类物质的积累,有机态山梨醇—硼比无机态硼酸能更有效地促进叶片中多糖物质的转运,有机态山梨醇—硼处理可溶性糖含量比对照和无机态硼酸处理分别降低26.3%和11.8%,淀粉含量分别降低43.5%和26.1%。在提高枳橙砧木叶片抗逆能力方面,有机态山梨醇—硼效果优于无机态硼酸,两种硼类型处理叶片中脯氨酸和伤害率均显著低于对照,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸分别降低了20.6%和19.6%,有机态山梨醇—硼和无机态硼酸处理伤害率降低了13.3%和16.5%,有机态山梨醇—硼处理叶片中丙二醛含量显著低于无机态硼酸处理19.4%。有机态硼对改善枳橙砧木根系的生长发育的作用效果优于无机态硼酸;能有效降低叶片中碳水化合物的含量,有利于光合作用产物顺利转移;而在减少叶片有害物质的积累、保护质膜方面,有机态与无机态硼有同样的效果。     

多效唑提高植物抗逆性的研究进展

主要从与植物抗逆性有关的部分因素以及多效唑对植物的抗倒伏、抗旱性、抗冷性、抗热性、抗衰老和防草抗病性的影响等方面阐述了多效唑提高植物抗逆性的研究进展,并提出了多效唑应用方面应加强的研究方向。