植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱控制效果的评价

植物源蒸馏油是一种新型植物油,本文探讨了植物源蒸馏油在害虫控制中的应用潜力。以矿物油乳剂为参照,以柑橘木虱为试虫,分析比较植物油蒸馏油的触杀和拒避作用。植物油和矿物油对柑橘木虱的卵、若虫和成虫均有一定的触杀作用,其中对若虫尤其低龄若虫的触杀作用最强,可达90%以上。两种油剂对雌虫产卵均有一定的拒避作用,拒避雌虫产卵维持约2 d。两种油剂对成虫寄主选择没有明显的拒避作用。总体上,植物源蒸馏油对柑橘木虱的触杀作用以及对成虫的拒避作用与矿物油相当。如果进一步改进该植物油的乳化效果,可替代矿物油乳剂应用于害虫防治中。     

一种牦牛蚊蝇驱避剂作用效果观察

[目的]为了观察蚊蝇驱避剂对牦牛体表蚊蝇的趋避效果。[方法]选择10头成年牦牛,分为实验组和对照区,实验组使用驱避剂之后,观察比较牦牛体表蚊蝇数目,实验结束时采集牦牛血清检测谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平。[结果]表明,实验组牦牛明显不良反应,体表蚊蝇明显少于对照组,蚊蝇趋避效果作用明显,两组牦牛血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶水平无显著差异。[结论]说明牦牛蚊蝇驱避剂能效趋避蚊蝇,可以推广使用。     

胡椒和肉桂挥发性组成分析及对普通大蓟马的驱避作用

豇豆农药残留问题非常严峻, 对豇豆上普通大蓟马的化学防治是造成豇豆农残超标的主要原因, 开展普通大蓟马的绿色防治迫在眉睫。利用植物挥发物驱避害虫是一种重要的害虫绿色防控手段。本研究利用GC-MS分析了胡椒和肉桂的挥发性化合物组成, 并利用“Y”形嗅觉仪测定了胡椒和肉桂及5种主要挥发物对普通大蓟马的驱避作用。结果表明, 在胡椒中鉴定出27种挥发性成分, 主要成分为β-石竹烯, 含量占43.1%; 在肉桂中鉴定出21种挥发性成分, 主要成分为肉桂醛(28.4%)、α-可巴烯(15.4%)、α-依兰油烯(14.1%)、γ-杜松烯(14.9%)。行为反应测定结果表明胡椒和肉桂对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用; β-石竹烯、肉桂醛、α-可巴烯浓度为10%和1%时对普通大蓟马具有极显著的驱避作用, 10%的α-依兰油烯和10%的γ-杜松烯对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用。本研究对豇豆普通大蓟马绿色防控技术研发和驱避剂的开发具有一定指导意义。     

Application of Line Thinnings in Practice

The discussion covers the need to change our present system of harvesting pine timber thinnings in order to increase productivity. It points out that this productivity increase can only be achieved through technical innovation and by the introduction of machinery suited to do the job. The machinery and work methods call for a type of neutral thinning in conjunction with a selective thinning or followed by a selective thinning. The advantages of this type of thinning, as practised in this country, are illustrated.     

Termite repellent sesquiterpenoids from Callitris glaucophylla heartwood

Fractions of methanol and ethanol extracts from the heartwood of white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla Thompson et Johnson) were investigated for their repellent activity against subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki worker using a two-choice semicircular filter paper test at 0.5% (w/w) concentration. Fraction CY-E2 composed of (−)-citronellic acid, guaiol, α-, β-, and γ-eudesmol isomers as well as an unknown compound, showed the highest statistically significant repellency (97.8% ± 2.2 SEM) of all fractions tested. Bioactivity-guided fractionations using high-performance liquid chromatography led to the isolation of two, oxygenated eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes with α-methylene moieties, both termite-repellent compounds. These compounds were subsequently identified as ilicic acid methyl ester (IAME) and costic acid by means of spectroscopic analyses, electron impact mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We report the isolation of both IAME and costic acid from C. glaucophylla heartwood for the first time. Part of this paper was presented at the 47th Symposium on the Chemistry of Terpenes, Essential Oils, and Aromatics, Tokyo, November 2003     

Degradation Studies of the Non-lethal Bird Repellent,Methyl Anthranilate

Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25°C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5·0, 7·0 and 9·0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV ‘sunlight’. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1·25 mW cm⁻², which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40°N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents.     

茴香茎叶提取物对菜粉蝶生物活性的影响研究

为了探索番茄茎叶提取物对菜粉蝶生物活性的影响。采用水蒸气蒸馏法从茴香(Foeniculum vulgare)茎叶中提取获得其挥发性物质,测定了茴香提取物在室内对菜青虫的拒食作用及对菜粉蝶的产卵忌避作用。结果表明：茴香粗提取物对菜青虫3龄幼虫具有较强的拒食活性,且非选择性的拒食作用均大于选择性的拒食作用;茴香提取物对菜粉蝶的产卵具有较强的忌避作用。     

P-1拒避剂防治森林鼠害效果的试验研究

利用P-1拒避剂在室内和室外进行森林鼠害的防治试验,结果表明,除喷雾试验效果不明显外,其余方法均具有显著的避鼠作用。室内阻隔法、包藏法的有效率分别为80%和70%。长白落叶松造林苗用蘸苗法防治的被害率仅为1.40%,没有死亡株出现,而对照地被害率、死亡率分别为7.40%和2.96%。杨树利用涂干法和喷干法进行防治,试验地被害率分别为10.11%和2.23%,而对照地分别为23.50%和18.18%;试验地死亡率分别为1.12%和0.00%,对照地分别为20.73%和15.65%。柳树利用喷干法进行防治,试验地被害率和死亡率分别为4.57%和0.00%,对照地分别为30.31%和19.45%,试验效果显著。     

Fumigant Toxicity and Repellence Activity of Camphor Essential Oil from Cinnamonum camphora Siebold Against Solenopsis invicta Workers (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) Solenopsis invicta Buren causes severe damage to humans and animals as well as the environment. Chemical treatment is the main strategy of RIFA management, which also is potentially toxic to the environment. Plant essential oils (EOs) are considered as potential substance that can be used to control insects. This study aimed to identify the chemical composition of camphor EO and investigate the insecticidal activity on RIFAs. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Results revealed that 36.61% camphor and 30.05% cineole were the major components. The insecticidal activity of camphor EO was assessed against RIFA workers by conducting two different bioassays: fumigant toxicity and repellence. Fumigant toxicity assay results showed that the lethal dose (LC₅₀) of the EO at 24 h was 1.67 and 4.28 μg/ml for minor and major workers, respectively; knockdown time (KT₅₀) was 10.82 and 14.73 h. At 2.55 μg/ml, the highest average mortality of the ants was 84.89% after 72 h. Camphor EO exhibited fumigant toxicity against minor and major workers as indicated by the effects on attacking, feeding, and climbing behaviors. This EO was also strongly repellent to the two size workers of the colony as observed in their behavior against Tenebrio molitor treated with 5 µl EO. The fumigant toxicity and repellence of camphor EO against RIFA indicated that this substance could be a potential alternative for the development of eco-friendly products used to control pests.