华山松,赤松次生韧皮部的解剖学观察

华山松，赤松次生韧皮部轴向系统由筛胞、韧皮部薄壁细胞及径向片组成，径向系统为射线。径向片和射线中具有蛋白细胞，其特点是细胞核大，细胞质浓，与筛胞之间以单侧筛域相联系。在无功能韧皮部，筛胞和蛋白细胞死亡，被挤毁，射线细胞分裂扩张，并积累后含物。     

Identification of feline blood B and T lymphocytes by cell electrophoresis.

The electrokinetic properties of feline blood lymphocytes isolated by centrifugation over Ficoll-Isopaque gradient were investigated. A biphasic electrophoretic mobility (EPM) distribution was regularly observed with a low-mobility (LM) population (mean EPM: 0.82) accounting for 32% of blood lymphocytes and a high-mobility (HM) population (mean EPM: 1.09) representing 68% of blood lymphocytes. Following fractionation on nylon-wool columns, lymphocytes with B-cell properties (64% sIg⁺; 9% guinea pig erythrocytes (GPE)-rosette⁺, PHA and Con A unresponsive) were enriched in the adherent fraction and belonged mainly (78%) to the LM population. In contrast, lymphocytes with T properties (5% sIg⁺, 42% GPE-rosette⁺, PHA and Con A responsive) were recovered in the effluent fraction and comprised 84% of HM elements.Thus, in cat blood, LM lymphocytes are likely to represent in majority B cells and HM lymphocytes T cells. This indicates that cell electrophoresis provides an interesting mean for differentiating B and T cells in the cat.     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

产脂肪酶乳酸菌对新疆传统奶酪脂肪酸及风味的影响

为了改善奶酪品质,奶酪生产过程中通常会添加脂肪酶或者产脂肪酶乳酸菌来提升产品品质。该研究以前期筛选的4株高产脂肪酶乳酸菌为发酵剂,分别随机选取3株乳酸菌复配制作酸凝奶酪。试验组：A组T1-5和T1-3属融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confusa）、H1-6属瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillus helveticus）,B组H1-6、T1-5、B2-5属植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,C组H1-6、T1-3、B2-5,D组T1-3、T1-5、B2-5,对照组（E组）（添加商业发酵剂）,分析发酵剂对传统奶酪pH值、滴定酸度和脂肪氧化情况的影响,并利用气相色谱法（Gas Chromatography,GC）检测奶酪中脂肪酸变化、利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Chromatography,GC-IMS）分析奶酪中风味物质的变化。结果表明：A,B,C,D组4组奶酪的pH值、过氧化值（Peroxide value,POV值）明显低于E组（对照组）（P < 0.05）,A,B组奶酪滴定酸度比对照E组高（P < 0.05）;A,B,C,D组奶酪中饱和脂肪酸（Saturated Fatty Acids,SFA）含量、单不饱和脂肪酸（Monounsaturated Fatty Acids,MUFA）含量和多不饱和脂肪酸（Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFA）含量均显著高于E组（P < 0.05）;4个试验组样品中亚油酸（C18∶2n6c）含量明显高于对照组（E组）（P < 0.05）。GC-IMS及主成分分析结果显示,A、B组奶酪挥发性风味物质种类多,且相似度较高,其中2-庚酮、丁醛、乙酸丁酯是主要呈味物质;C、E两组奶酪中风味物质比较相似,风味物质主要以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类为主;D组与其他4组有所差异,主要挥发性风味物质为乙酸丁酯、3-辛酮、庚醛等。结合感官评定,A、B两组奶酪整体风味和口感较好,评分较高。筛选得到的产脂肪酶乳酸菌可以作为发酵剂用于提升新疆传统奶酪品质。     

Influence of root restriction on two cultivars of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Variable root restricting conditions were imposed on summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) cultivars ‘Senator’ and Dixie’ using container sizes of 0.35, 2.00, and 7.60 liters. Nondestructive and destructive plant sampling were conducted to evaluate leaf area production, dry weight accumulation and partitioning, crop growth rate and net assimilation rate, and flower and fruit development. Within 10 days after transplanting (DAT), ‘Senator’ exhibited declining leaf area production under increased root restriction, and within 17 DAT leaf area was diminished for both cultivars under increased root restricting conditions. Dry weight accumulation in leaves, stems, roots, and fruit was reduced for both cultivars over time and level of root restriction severity. There was a tendency for greater vegetative growth reductions with ‘Senator’ than with ‘Dixie’ at comparable levels of root restriction. Root‐to‐shoot ratio, timing and duration of flowering, and sex of flowers were not significantly impacted by root restriction level or cultivar. Fruit dry weight was greatest for Dixie’ early on, but by 28 DAT, total fruit dry weight produced did not differ for the cultivars except under the most severe root restricting conditions. Fruit dry weight production was limited for both cultivars as container volume became smaller.     

冰温贮藏对山西不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物的影响

为了解冰温贮藏对不同产地玉露香梨挥发性有机物影响的差异性,采用气相离子迁移谱技术对山西省3个产地(隰县、原平、清徐)玉露香梨贮藏前后的挥发性有机物进行分析,以期为提升贮后果实风味品质提供数据参考。结果表明:通过气相离子迁移谱检测出玉露香梨采后主要挥发性有机物有酯类、醛类、醇类、酮类、酸类、呋喃类及其他未定性物质;其中酯类、醛类物质的相对含量占比达38.31%~39.10%。3个产地玉露香梨采后特征风味物质分别为:隰县玉露香梨为丙酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、(E)-2-己烯醛、2-甲基丙醛、壬醛等,原平玉露香梨为丙酸己酯、乙酸戊酯、丁酸己酯、己醛、3-戊酮、正己醇等,清徐玉露香梨为2-甲基丁酸甲酯、丁酸乙酯、乙醇、3-戊酮和异丁酸等。冰温贮藏后,3个产区玉露香梨果实的酯类物质含量有不同程度下降,醛类、醇类和酮类物质含量增加。其中隰县玉露香梨醛类物质相对含量较高,清徐玉露香梨酮类物质相对含量较高。根据风味物质的主成分分析,可将贮藏前后及3个产地玉露香梨进行有效区分。     

Vectorizing agrochemicals: enhancing bioavailability via carrier‐mediated transport

Systemicity of agrochemicals is an advantageous property for controlling phloem sucking insects, as well as pathogens and pests not accessible to contact products. After the penetration of the cuticle, the plasma membrane constitutes the main barrier to the entry of an agrochemical into the sap flow. The current strategy for developing systemic agrochemicals is to optimize the physicochemical properties of the molecules so that they can cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion or ion trapping mechanisms. The main problem with current systemic compounds is that they move everywhere within the plant, and this non‐controlled mobility results in the contamination of the plant parts consumed by vertebrates and pollinators. To achieve the site‐targeted distribution of agrochemicals, a carrier‐mediated propesticide strategy is proposed in this review. After conjugating a non‐systemic agrochemical with a nutrient (α‐amino acids or sugars), the resulting conjugate may be actively transported across the plasma membrane by nutrient‐specific carriers. By applying this strategy, non‐systemic active ingredients are expected to be delivered into the target organs of young plants, thus avoiding or minimizing subsequent undesirable redistribution. The development of this innovative strategy presents many challenges, but opens up a wide range of exciting possibilities. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

新生代农民工职业流动特征分析——基于辽宁省不同城市规模的调查

研究不同城市规模下新生代农民工职业流动情况,并分析新生代农民工个人特征和务工经历与职业流动稳定性之间的联系。结果表明：大部分新生代农民工平均1 a换一次工作;小城市务工的新生代农民工职业流动稳定性低于大城市和中等城市;男性、年龄较大、已婚、进城务工年限较长的新生代农民工职业流动更稳定。     

重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.