不同基因型香料烟叶片发育过程中碳氮代谢关键酶活性及代谢产物变化

摘 要：研究了浙江新昌不同基因型香料烟叶片发育过程中碳氮代谢关键酶的活性及代谢产物的含量变化规律。结果表明,在香料烟叶片发育过程中,酸性转化酶(INV)的活性均呈下降趋势;谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性Samsun品种在20d叶龄时最高,而Basma和Canik在30d叶龄时最高;苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的活性均表现为30d时最低;随着叶片成熟总氮含量降低,烟碱含量升高,总碳、可溶性总糖随着叶片成熟其含量呈升高趋势;品种不同,碳氮代谢关键酶的活性及代谢产物的含量变化均有很大差异。     

鸡粪及其配施尿素对甜瓜香味物质、酶活性及基因表达的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实香气物质合成及关键酶的影响,以薄皮甜瓜"DX108"为试材,以尿素为氮源的处理作为对照(CK),研究等量氮素条件下,鸡粪及其与尿素配施处理对甜瓜果实香气物质以及相关酶活性变化的影响,并分析了乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)和醇酰基转移酶(AAT)基因的表达水平。结果表明:不同处理对薄皮甜瓜香气物质合成、相关酶活性以及关键酶基因表达的影响存在明显差异;尿素处理促进了甜瓜果实中C6和C9醇醛类化合物的合成,而鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施提高了成熟果实中酯类物质含量和种类,尤其是乙酸酯类含量;鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量,且是尿素处理花后35 d甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类物质含量的3.1倍,还检测到了尿素处理果实中没有检测到的特征性酯类物质;鸡粪和鸡粪配施尿素处理提高了花后25～30 d果实中LOX酶、氨基转移酶、ADH酶以及AAT酶活性,降低了花后35 d果实中ADH酶活性,抑制了30 d后果实中CmADH1和ADH2的基因表达,而促进了CmAAT1和CmAAT3基因表达。由此可知,鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施有可能是通过调节果实不同发育期香味物质合成途径中关键酶活性的协调变化以及关键酶基因表达,影响了果实香气物质的合成,尤其是酯类物质的合成。     

东方百合“马可波罗”花器官的组织培养

以东方百合"马可波罗"的花被片、花丝、花托、子房为外植体,建立快速无性繁殖系。在本实验条件下,诱导花托、花被片、花丝、子房产生丛芽的最佳培养基分别为:MS 6-BA 0.5~3.0 mg/L NAA 0.1~0.2 mg/L、MS 6-BA 2.0 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L、MS 6-BA 2.0 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L和MS 6-BA 1.0 mg/L NAA 0.2 mg/L;丛芽增殖的最佳培养基为MS 6-BA 1.0 mg/L NAA 0.1 mg/L;生根结鳞茎的最佳培养基为1/2 MS 糖50~80 g/L NAA 0.4~0.8 mg/L。     

上海地区甜菜夜蛾的抗药性及防治

通过浸渍法测定上海地区甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua)对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯类、昆虫生长调节剂类(IGRs)以及一些新型药剂的抗性,结果表明:甜菜夜蛾对乙酰甲胺磷和氰戊菊酯的抗性分别为2 731.2和619.5倍的超高抗水平。昆虫生长调节剂如抑太保、米满等药剂对甜菜夜蛾抗性表现较好,是防治甜菜夜蛾的理想药剂,但近几年的敏感性有所下降,应注意抗药性抗性的产生和加剧。田间药效与室内毒力测定结果显示趋势一致。除尽、安打、氟铃脲、甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和病毒制剂等是目前防治甜菜夜蛾的良好药剂。     

种赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力研究

草地贪夜蛾是一种原产于美洲地区的多食性和迁飞性害虫。自2019年初入侵我国以来已蔓延至21个省（市、自治区）,对我国的玉米生产造成重大威胁。为探讨草地贪夜蛾的长效控制体系,我们考察了5种国内常见的赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾寄生能力的影响,同时选择寄生能力较好的2种赤眼蜂进行了驯化培养。结果显示在供试赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力最强,平均单雌可寄生20粒卵;碧岭赤眼蜂次之,平均单雌可寄生9.6粒卵;玉米螟赤眼蜂几乎不能寄生,平均单雌仅为1粒卵。对松毛虫赤眼蜂和碧岭赤眼蜂利用草地贪夜蛾卵驯化多代后发现松毛虫赤眼蜂的寄生能力无显著变化,而碧岭赤眼蜂经过4代驯化后有明显的提高,由平均单雌寄生9.6粒卵提高至13.4粒。综上所述,供试的5种赤眼蜂均可寄生草地贪夜蛾卵,其中以松毛虫赤眼蜂和碧岭赤眼蜂的寄生能力最强,通过多代驯化碧岭赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生能力具有提升的趋势,因此国内本土的赤眼蜂也具有防治草地贪夜蛾的潜力。     

Effect of three insect-resistant maizes expressing Cry1Ie,Cry1Ab/Cry2Aj and Cry1Ab on the growth and development of armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker)

Three transgenic maize events(IE09 S034, Shuangkang 12–5 and C0030.3.5) produced Cry1 Ie, Cry1 Ab/Cry2 Aj and G10-EPSPS, Cry1 Ab and EPSPS, respectively, all of which target the Asian corn borer. The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata(Walker) is the secondary target. In this study, the effects of the three Bt maizes on the development and survival of armyworm were studied. The results showed that IE09 S034 had insecticidal activity against 1 st instar larvae, and the survival rate of armyworm fed with Bt maize for 10 days was 46.2%, significantly lower than that of the control. The larvae at 3 rd–6 th instar were more tolerant of the Bt toxin than the early instar larvae. However, Shuangkang 12-5 had good insecticidal activity against 1 st–5 th instar larvae. The mortality was nearly 100% when the larvae were fed with Shuangkang 12-5 before 3 rd instar, and the toxin had quick-acting efficacy. This event significantly inhibited the development of armyworm; that is, the larval duration of the 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae fed with Shuangkang 12-5 was prolonged by 4.5 and 3.0 days, respectively. The pupal weight and egg number were also significantly lower than those of the control. For C0030.3.5, it could control 1 st–5 th instar larvae effectively. The mortality rates were all over 50% if 1 st–3 rd larvae were fed with this event. The pupal weight of 4 th–6 th instar larvae fed with Bt maize were only 53.9, 56.8 and 54.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control. The number of eggs laid was significantly less than the control. The results indicate that all three transgenic maize events exhibit the potential to provide effective control of early instar larvae of armyworm, which can be commercialized in future to control lepidoptera pests such as Asian corn borer and armyworm.     

草地贪夜蛾到底有多“贪”

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda被认为是世界上最具破坏性的害虫之一。其巨大的破坏性主要源于其具有贪吃、贪育、贪婪、广适、耐药等特性。治"贪"就是要利用它的贪性发展出一系列的治理措施和技术,使得其贪性难以发挥,将其种群密度控制在经济为害水平以下,以保障作物生产和生态安全。     

重庆地区草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌的分离鉴定

为了解入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)肠道所携带的细菌组成,以采集自巫溪、巫山地区玉米地里的草地贪夜蛾为材料,运用传统培养方法分离了其肠道优势细菌,并基于16S rDNA测序开展了优势菌的属水平鉴定,共获得了30个细菌分离株,经16S rDNA序列同源性分析,可归于5个属,分别为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)以及气单胞菌属(Aeromonas);其中,克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的丰度最高,占所有分离菌株的63%;假单胞属(Pseudomonas)和肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)菌株仅在巫山地区分离得到,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)仅在巫溪地区分离得到.实验确定了入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾肠道优势细菌的种类及丰度,为后续研究草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物对宿主的生长发育以及迁飞等重要问题奠定了基础.