Exploiting chemical ecology to manage hyperparasitoids in biological control of arthropod pests

Insect hyperparasitoids are fourth trophic level organisms that commonly occur in terrestrial food webs, yet they are relatively understudied. These top‐carnivores can disrupt biological pest control by suppressing the populations of their parasitoid hosts, leading to pest outbreaks, especially in confined environments such as greenhouses where augmentative biological control is used. There is no effective eco‐friendly strategy that can be used to control hyperparasitoids. Recent advances in the chemical ecology of hyperparasitoid foraging behavior have opened opportunities for manipulating these top‐carnivores in such a way that biological pest control becomes more efficient. We propose various infochemical‐based strategies to manage hyperparasitoids. We suggest that a push‐pull strategy could be a promising approach to ‘push’ hyperparasitoids away from their parasitoid hosts and ‘pull’ them into traps. Additionally, we discuss how infochemicals can be used to develop innovative tools improving biological pest control (i) to restrict accessibility of resources (e.g. sugars and alternative hosts) to primary parasitoid only or (ii) to monitor hyperparasitoid presence in the crop for early detection. We also identify important missing information in order to control hyperparasitoids and outline what research is needed to reach this goal. Testing the efficacy of synthetic infochemicals in confined environments is a crucial step towards the implementation of chemical ecology‐based approaches targeting hyperparasitoids. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Australian Uromyces viciae-fabae: Host and nonhost interaction among cultivated grain legumes

Uromyces viciae-fabae, rust of faba bean, parasitizes other legume crops such as lentils (Lens culinaris) and field peas (Pisum sativum) in some environments. In this study we examined the host range of two Australian isolates of U. viciae-fabae collected and purified from a faba bean crop and classified as U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba. Field pea (P. sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), lupin (Lupinus spp.), lentil (L. culinaris), and mung bean (Vigna radiata) genotypes were tested with these isolates, as well as resistant and susceptible genotypes of the faba bean host. Race specificity for these two pathogen isolates was observed on Vicia faba, with two faba bean genotypes showing partial resistance. Both U. viciae-fabae isolates also colonized field pea seedlings and successfully produced uredinia under glasshouse conditions, despite this fungus not being known as a pathogen of Australian field pea crops. No sporulation of either isolate of U. viciae-fabae ex V. faba was observed on any of the remaining legume species tested. However, obvious differences in fungal growth were observed, ranging from small infection sites with very rare haustorium formation in mung bean to more extensive growth and the development of potential uredinial structures in chickpea. These observations are discussed in relation to the phylogenetic relationship of these host and nonhost species.     

柑橘大实蝇成虫对9种植物提取物的嗅觉反应

为明确对柑橘大实蝇具有引诱或拒避作用的植物精油或挥发物,通过Y形嗅觉仪分别测定柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫对橘子精油、橙叶精油、橙花精油、柠檬桉精油、薄荷素精油、栀子花精油、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和月桂烯的选择率。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇雄虫倾向于选择橘子精油、橙花精油、D-柠檬烯、柠檬桉精油、栀子花精油,雌虫倾向于选择芳樟醇和柠檬桉精油。柠檬桉精油对柑橘大实蝇雌虫和雄虫均有显著的引诱作用,雌虫对柠檬桉精油的选择率为52.38%,雄虫的选择率也达到了50%。本研究为开发对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫均具有引诱作用的引诱剂提供了一定的理论参考。     

复叶槭挥发性物质对光肩星天牛的触角电位反应

该文供试的单体是用吸附法采集,并经热脱附及ＧＣ ＭＳ方法分离鉴定而得．作者分别测定了复叶槭１１ 种挥发性单体的５ 种浓度溶剂对光肩星天牛Ａｎｏｐｌｏｐｈｏｒａ ｇｌａｂｒｉｐｅｎｎｉｓ（ Ｍｏｔｓｃｈ ．） 的触角电位活性,以及不同触角部位的化学感受差异．测得各单体从高浓度到低浓度时的触角电位观测值均呈明显下降趋势．单体己醇、反 ２ 己烯醇、青叶醇、乙酸丁酯、己醛、青叶醛等在单独组分时有较强的触角电位活性,而单体青叶醛和乙酸丁酯、糠醛、甲基糠醛等相互混配时可增强光肩星天牛的触角电位活性．光肩星天牛成虫对挥发性物质刺激的敏感部位是触角的末端,乙醇对光肩星天牛的触角有一定的刺激作用．     

甘蓝植株挥发物对小菜蛾及半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为的影响

研究了不同处理甘蓝植株释放的挥发物在小菜蛾及其寄生蜂半闭弯尾姬蜂寄主搜索行为中的作用．结果表明,机械损伤植株、虫损伤植株、虫一菜复合体植株释放的挥发物比完整植株释放的挥发物对小菜蛾和半闭弯尾姬蜂具有较强的引诱力,且以虫一菜复合体植株释放的挥发物引诱力最强．表明甘蓝受机械损伤或虫害后的挥发物对小菜蛾和半闭弯尾姬蜂起着重要的诱导作用．     

杨树树皮挥发物的超临界萃取及对青杨脊虎天牛行为的影响

通过正交试验研究以收率为指标的CO2超临界萃取小叶杨树皮挥发物的最佳萃取工艺条件.结果表明:萃取压力25 MPa、温度50℃、时间60 min为小叶杨树皮挥发物的最佳萃取条件,收率为3.56%;依此条件分别萃取白城二号杨、小黑杨、俄罗斯杨、中东杨、小青杨、小青×黑杨、大青杨、斯大林杨、银中杨和小叶杨的树皮挥发物.采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对挥发物的化学组成及相对含量进行测定.结果表明:挥发性物质主要包括醛类、酯类、酸类、烃类等化合物,其中以酸类物质含量最高,其他物质含量均较低;萘、醌、奠、酮等大分子物质含量较少;中东杨和斯大林杨树皮中特异化合物种类较多.同时利用"Y"形嗅觉仪测定青杨脊虎天牛对10种杨树树皮100 μL挥发物的行为反应.结果表明,雄成虫对小青杨的选择率54.17%,为最高;雌成虫对小青x黑杨的最大选择率为58.33%,其次是对小青杨和中东杨的选择率54.17%.雄成虫对10种杨树树皮CO_2超临界萃取液的选择率差异不显著(P＞0.05),而雌成虫呈显著差异(P＜0.05).     

红缘天牛对5种枣树挥发物的嗅觉行为反应

红缘天牛是危害阔叶树的主要钻蛀性害虫之一,为了明确哪一品种枣树的活性部位对红缘天牛有引诱作用。以木枣、狗头枣、赞皇枣、壶瓶枣和骏枣的枣叶、枣枝和枣花为实验材料,利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了红缘天牛对5种枣树不同部位的嗅觉行为反应。结果表明：在以空气为对照的条件下,红缘天牛雌雄成虫对木枣枣叶的挥发性气味趋向率分别达到70.00%和69.23%,木枣的枣叶对红缘天牛有引诱作用(P<0.05)。红缘天牛雌、雄成虫对狗头枣枣枝挥发性气味反应最强,趋向率分别达到77.42%和73.68%,狗头枣枣枝对红缘天牛有很强的引诱作用(P<0.01);此外木枣枣枝对红缘天牛雌虫也具有引诱作用(P<0.05)。所有枣树品种的枣花挥发物对红缘天牛既无引诱作用也无忌避作用(P>0.05)。木枣挥发物对红缘天牛成虫具有较好的引诱作用,具有良好的开发和应用前景。