黄土丘陵沟壑区陡坡微地形分布研究

水分是黄土丘陵沟壑区植被建设的主要限制因素,而陡坡的水分条件差,导致坡面上水分空间差异的微地形成为陡坡坡面植被恢复的关键因素。利用三维激光扫描全站仪实测陕西省吴起县合家沟流域的地形参数,以Arc GIS 9.2为平台,对切沟、浅沟、缓台、塌陷和陡坎5种微地形在陡坡坡面的分布情况进行了研究。结果表明：陡坡坡面微地形占坡面面积比例介于18%～30%,平均为23.13%;各类微地形占坡面面积比例平均值从大到小依次为切沟8.44%、缓台6.66%、浅沟5.00%、陡坎1.53%、塌陷1.52%;坡面坡向和坡面坡度是影响浅沟、切沟和塌陷占坡面面积比例的主要地形要素,陡坎占坡面面积比例主要受坡面坡度的影响,而坡面坡向与坡面坡度对缓台占坡面面积比例均没有明显的影响;不同坡向陡坡微地形占坡面面积比例大小顺序为：阳坡＞半阳坡＞半阴坡＞阴坡,塌陷、浅沟和切沟占坡面面积比例为阳坡和半阳坡大于半阴坡和阴坡;陡坎、浅沟和切沟占坡面面积比例随着坡度的增大而减小、塌陷占坡面面积比例随着坡度的增大而增大。     

Rice-soil interactions in Vietnamese acid sulphate soils: impacts of submergence depth on soil solution chemistry and yields

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of water submergence depth on radial oxygen loss (ROL), soil solution chemistry and rice growth performance in acid sulphate soils in southern Vietnam. ROL was measured in a solution culture. In a separate pot experiment the impact of water submergence depth on rice growth and soil solution chemistry was studied. Three submergence depths were used in the two experiments (5, 10 and 15 cm). ROL declined with submergence depth and was significantly greater in young roots (with no root hairs) than in older roots. In the pot experiment rice growth and soil solution chemistry were clearly affected by the submergence depth. During the first crop at 5 cm submergence, there was a significantly higher yield and a higher oxidation state (pe+pH) compared to 10 or 15 cm submergence. The Fe concentration was significantly greater at the 5 cm depth compared to the 10 or 15 cm depth. SO₄^2– reduction was delayed at the 5 cm depth. Rice yield was c. 25% less at the 15 cm than at the 5 cm depth. During a second crop, there was a substantial SO₄^2- reduction and H₂S formation and almost no significant effects of submergence depth on either soil solution chemistry or crop yield. In a field experiment with a dry-season rice crop, yield and Fe, Al and SO₄^2– concentrations were higher at a shallow submergence depth than at greater depths in the same field, showing similar depth trends to those found during the first crop in the pot experiment. Farmers should be advised to use a shallow submergence depth and, if possible, avoid deep-rooted rice varieties. A conceptual model is suggested, which summarizes the relationships between ROL and soil solution chemistry.     

Effects of tillage on soil microrelief, surface depression storage and soil water storage

Conservation of soil water is an important management objective for crop production in the semi-arid tropics where droughts are persistent. Identification of the best tillage methods to achieve this objective is thus imperative. The integrated effects of conservation tillage on soil micro topography and soil moisture on a sandy loam soil were evaluated. The field experiment consisted of five tillage treatments, namely tied ridging (TR), no till (NT), disc plough (DP), strip catchment tillage (SCT) and hand hoe (HH). Data measured in the field included soil moisture content, surface roughness, infiltration and sorghum grain yield. A depth storage model was used to estimate depression storage TR treatment and the higher the surface roughness, the greater the depression storage volume. Regression analysis showed that random roughness decreased exponentially with increase in cumulative rainfall. Higher moisture contents were associated with treatments having higher depressional storage. Infiltration rate was significantly higher in the tilled soils than the untilled soils. The DP treatment had the highest cumulative infiltration while NT had the lowest. The Infiltration model which was fitted to the infiltration data gave good fit. Grain yield was highest in TR and least in NT, whereas DP and HH had similar yields.     

不同坡度下紫色土地表微地形变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响

为了揭示川中丘陵区紫色土地表微地形变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,该文通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,从地表糙度角度出发,结合多重分形理论与方法,分析了不同坡度条件下紫色土地表微地形变化特征,探讨了地表微地形变化与土壤侵蚀间的关系。结果表明:1)雨强为1.5 mm/min,历时为40 min降雨条件下,10°、15°和20°坡面地表相对高程的变化量分别为-11.66、-3.52和-5.61 mm,仅20°坡面地表初始低洼部位被径流贯通形成细沟;各坡面地表糙度均有所减小,且表现为15°10°20°,其中10°和15°坡面不同坡位地表糙度均较雨前减小,20°坡面下坡地表糙度较雨前增大,不同坡度全坡面地表糙度均较雨前减小;2)地表微地形具有一定的多重分形特征,10°和15°坡面雨后多重分形参数广义分形维数跨度、奇异指数跨度和多重分形谱高差均较雨前增大,微地形空间分布差异增大,且地表变得圆润,20°坡面与之相反;3)随坡度增大,地表径流量呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,且地表糙度变幅越小的坡面,地表产流量越高,而侵蚀产沙量则随坡度的增大显著提高(P0.05)。研究成果为揭示水蚀过程中地表微地形变化的本质和作用机理提供了参考。     

降雨侵蚀过程中红壤坡耕地地表汇流网络特征

为研究降雨侵蚀过程中南方红壤区坡耕地地表汇流网络特征,应用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法在野外原位研究了南方几个典型母质发育的红壤模拟降雨条件下坡面汇流网络特征变化过程。结果表明:(1)在降雨侵蚀过程中,汇流密度和径流频度整体呈增加趋势,尤其是在第一场降雨过程中最为明显;(2)在第二、三场降雨侵蚀过程中的变化趋势因土壤性质和雨强的不同而出现差异;(3)在坡面侵蚀研究中,分形维数Ds可以较好的区别降雨前后整体汇流网络特征的变化。研究结果对南方红壤区坡耕地降雨侵蚀过程模拟与预测模型的研究、水土流失防治与水土保持规划设计具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

激光微地貌扫描仪测定侵蚀过程中地表糙度

为研究激光微地貌扫描仪用于测定南方红壤地区地表微地貌的演变特征和规律的可行性,该研究应用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,在野外原位研究了鄂南3个典型红壤(泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2)模拟降雨条件下坡面侵蚀过程中的地表糙度变化过程,初步探讨了降雨和径流对红壤坡面微地貌形态演变作用。结果表明:1)随着降雨进行,雨滴打击和径流搬运的联合作用导致地表糙度降低,间歇式降雨后,供试土壤泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度分别降低了18.2%、18.4%和11.8%;2)地表糙度变化主要发生在降雨初期,第1场降雨前后,泥质页岩发育红壤、第四纪红黏土发育红壤1和第四纪红黏土发育红壤2的地表糙度降低幅度分别为16.1%、19.7%和9.6%,均达到显著水平。采用亚毫米级高精度激光扫描和计算机数字图像处理相结合的方法,能很好地定量化研究坡面水蚀过程中地表糙度的演变特征和规律。研究为南方红壤区坡面水蚀过程中地表微地貌的研究提供一定的参考,对土壤侵蚀过程模拟与预测模型的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Erfassung der Variabilität von Bodenmerkmalen in einem Blindversuch auf Fahlerde mittels Methoden der räumlichen Statistik

Variability of soil parameters in a uniformity trial on a Luvisol evaluated by means of spatial statistics The relationships between soil parameters and indicators of soil genesis were investigated in a uniformity trial on Luvisol by means of classical and spatial statistics. The following properties were investigated in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and subsoil (31–40 cm): content of total carbon (C_t), content of clay plus fine silt (FAT), concentrations of available potassium (K) and phosphorus (P), and pH values. The depth loamy Bt horizon and microrelief were considered as indicators of soil genesis. Smoothing of the raw data by means of block kriging eliminated the small scale variability of all parameters. In this way, the rank correlation coefficients between soil parameters increased by factor 2 and were to 0.52 for C_t–FAT; 0.69 for C_t–K, and 0.55 for C_t–P in the top soil. The maps for smoothed data allowed a much better visual analysis of spatial distribution of investigated properties compared to the raw data. The significant correlations as well as the similarity of maps and variograms suggested that the spatial variability of FAT, C_t, K, and P in the top soil was determined by the same factors. The depth of the loamy Bt horizon and the relief were the most important factors defining the distribution of the investigated soil parameters. The rank correlation coefficients of the smoothed and detrended relief with the soil parameters amount to –0.63, –0.77, –0.71, and –0.57 for FAT, C_t, K, and P, respectively.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区微地形对土壤水分及生物量的影响

黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面内地表的起伏形成微地形,而按照微地形进行植被配置已经成为黄土丘陵沟壑区生态恢复建设的重要方向。采用样方调查与随机采样的方法,调查陕西省吴起县合家沟流域微地形及坡面生物量,并用探针式TDR测定土壤含水量。结果表明,随着土层深度的增加,各类微地形土壤水分的变异系数有减小的趋势,而0—60cm土层,陡坎的土壤水分变异系数最大,塌陷的最小;各微地形土壤水分顺序为:塌陷>缓台>切沟底>浅沟底>原状坡>陡坎;各类微地形及原状坡内生物量从大到小的排序为塌陷>切沟>浅沟>原状坡>缓台>陡坎,且微地形生物量与0—60cm土层土壤水分变异系数呈负相关性。