枯草芽孢杆菌G3菌株的抗菌物质及其特性

 产几丁质酶枯草芽孢杆菌G3菌株的固体培养物在黄瓜灰霉病菌和番茄叶霉病菌抑菌试验中证实,抑菌活性物质存在于过滤上清液中,它们是从酸沉淀物中提取出的伊枯草菌素、生物表面活性素和存在于盐析粗蛋白中的几丁质酶。在叶霉孢子萌发试验中,伊枯草菌素微弱地抑制孢子萌发但强烈破坏芽管和新生菌丝;生物表面活性素和几丁质酶则强烈抑制孢子萌发并长久性地抑制芽管伸长。在PDA平板上的灰霉菌丝抑菌试验中,伊枯草菌素抑制菌丝生长,引发菌丝顶端膨大,形成泡囊,泡囊破裂后原生质外泄;几丁质酶抑制菌丝生长,引发产生不规则的菌丝团;生物表面活性素在平皿上对菌丝则不显示出抑菌活性。     

A Thermotolerant Marine Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S185 Producing Iturin A5 for Antifungal Activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium wilt of banana (also known as Panama disease), is a severe fungal disease caused by soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). In recent years, biocontrol strategies using antifungal microorganisms from various niches and their related bioactive compounds have been used to prevent and control Panama disease. Here, a thermotolerant marine strain S185 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, displaying strong antifungal activity against Foc. The strain S185 possesses multiple plant growth-promoting (PGP) and biocontrol utility properties, such as producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia, assimilating various carbon sources, tolerating pH of 4 to 9, temperature of 20 to 50 °C, and salt stress of 1 to 5%. Inoculation of S185 colonized the banana plants effectively and was mainly located in leaf and root tissues. To further investigate the antifungal components, compounds were extracted, fractionated, and purified. One compound, inhibiting Foc with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 25 μg/disk, was identified as iturin A5 by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The isolated iturin, A5, resulted in severe morphological changes during spore germination and hyphae growth of Foc. These results specify that B. amyloliquefaciens S185 plays a key role in preventing the Foc pathogen by producing the antifungal compound iturin A5, and possesses potential as a cost-effective and sustainable biocontrol strain for Panama disease in the future. This is the first report of isolation of the antifungal compound iturin A5 from thermotolerant marine B. amyloliquefaciens S185.     

吖啶橙诱变提高枯草芽孢杆菌G3抗真菌活性

 枯草芽孢杆菌G3菌株正在登记为防治番茄叶霉病的生物杀菌剂。为改进该菌的抗真菌活性,用诱变剂吖啶橙诱变得到20个突变株,其中5个突变株Ga1、Ga8、Ga12、Ga1和Ga19在肉汤和PDA平板上形成粘液状菌落,完全不同于出发菌株。PDA平板抑菌圈试验,突变株对番茄叶霉菌和黄瓜灰霉菌产生比野生株G3更大的透明抑菌圈。其中Ga1菌株对番茄叶霉菌和黄瓜灰霉菌的抑菌带宽分别是G3的1.71和1.69倍。用番茄叶霉菌为指示菌的生物测定结果表明,突变株固体培养物或摇瓶培养物以最小抑菌浓度(M IC)和有效抑菌中浓度(EC₅₀)表示的抗真菌活性皆高于G3菌株。抗真菌活性以Ga1 > Ga8 > Ga19 > Ga12 > Ga13 > G3为序。参试菌株培养物的抗真菌活性与菌量(CFU)不相关,而与甲醇抽提代谢物的干重,尤其是伊枯草菌素A含量呈一定的正相关。突变株Ga1抗真菌活性最强,固体培养物或摇瓶培养物均是G3的3倍左右。摇瓶培养时,伊枯草菌素A动态分泌曲线表明,Ga1菌株产生比G3更多的伊枯草菌素A。Ga1菌株增强了合成伊枯草菌素A的能力。     

菌根真菌协同死谷芽孢杆菌抑制棉花黄萎病

利用温室盆钵实验,双接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)和死谷芽孢杆菌(Bacillus vallismortis, HJ-5),研究AMF协同HJ-5控制棉花黄萎病的效果,并通过液相色谱法、馏分平板对峙法探析协同抗病的原因。结果表明:与对照相比,AMF和HJ-5在控制棉花黄萎病方面具有协同增效的作用,发病率下降50.82%,地下部干重增加125.00%,根际HJ-5数量增加23.80%。液相色谱分析表明,HJ-5分泌伊枯草菌素(iturin A)和表面活性素(surfactin)2种抗病性脂肽类物质。双接种AMF、HJ-5,棉花根际伊枯草菌素和表面活性素含量分别比HJ-5单处理增加13.38%和11.27%。接种AMF促进了植株地下部生长和HJ-5在棉花根际的定殖,并分泌更多的抗病类物质,是AMF与HJ-5协同抗棉花枯萎病的重要机理。     

枯草芽胞杆菌MG-4抑制小麦全蚀病菌物质及其性质分析

为明确本实验室筛选并鉴定的枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis菌株MG-4分泌物对小麦全蚀病菌的抑制作用及其性质,采用生长速率法检测了菌株MG-4发酵无菌上清液(cell-free supernatant,CFS)中抑菌物质的稳定性,并通过PCR扩增抑菌物质合成相关基因,利用基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱鉴定抑菌物质结构。结果表明,菌株MG-4分泌的抑菌物质在中性及酸性条件下稳定,在pH 2~7时CFS相对活性为98.8%~100.0%;热稳定性强,100℃处理30 min后相对活性仍为88.5%;利用胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶处理120 min后相对活性为98.8%;CFS中抑菌物质不能被氯仿、乙醚和乙酸乙酯萃取,且对这3种有机溶剂不敏感;Na~+、K~+、CO_3~(2-)和I~-对CFS活性无影响,Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、H_2PO_4~(2-)和Mn~(2+)显著抑制CFS活性。菌株MG-4基因组中含有srfAB、yndJ、bamC、fenD、ituC和ituD共6种抑菌物质合成基因;将菌株MG-4分泌的抑菌物质鉴定为C14~C15伊枯草菌素A、C14~C18芬荠素A和C14~C17芬荠素B。     

氨基酸补料对伊枯草菌素A发酵的影响

对枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis ZK8)进行4种不同工艺(分批发酵和3种氨基酸浓度的补料分批发酵)的发酵,测定并分析了发酵过程中各时间点样品中菌量、伊枯草菌素A (iturin A)的效价、还原糖、总氮及16种游离氨基酸的含量及变化趋势。结果表明,在工艺2 (补料浓度分别为天冬氨酸55 mg/L,谷氨酸12 mg/L,脯氨酸6 mg/L)发酵条件下,枯草芽胞杆菌ZK8菌量最高,达2.163×1010个/mL,比分批发酵(对照组)提高9.5%;在工艺1(补料浓度分别为天冬氨酸50 mg/L,谷氨酸9 mg/L,脯氨酸5 mg/L)发酵条件下,iturin A效价最高,达20 101.1 U,比对照提高了93.94%。     

生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09合成iturin A条件的响应面优化

采用摇瓶发酵试验,比较了11种已用于芽孢杆菌合成环脂肽的培养基对解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09产iturin A的影响,筛选适合菌株CC09产iturin A的主要营养成分。然后采用Plackett-Burman设计、中心组合设计和响应面分析等方法,优化培养基组成及发酵条件。获得了解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09摇瓶发酵产生iturinA的最佳培养基组成为小麦粉14 g/L、黄豆饼粉25 g/L、玉米粉8 g/L、MgSO₄ 0.1 g/L、MnSO₄ 2.5 mg/L、FeSO₄ 0.8 mg/L;最佳发酵条件为装液量60 mL/250 mL、pH 6.0、28℃、125 r/min、48 h,在此条件下,生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌CC09合成iturin A的产量达501 mg/L,较优化前的138 mg/L提高了4.2倍,且发酵成本是利用改良LB培养基的4.3%。     

芽孢杆菌环脂肽类次生代谢产物的快速检测

Cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus are bioactive compounds with the promising application potential. A study was conducted to detect the secondary metabolites produced by B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42, B. subtilis XF-1, B. amyloliquefaciens B9601-Y2 and B. subtilis 168 in situ using MALDI-TOF-MS. It was showed that strains FZB42 and XF-1 produced fengycins, surfactins and iturins. Y2 mainly produced fengycins and iturins. Strain 168 produced a small amount of iturins only. Other four strains of Bacillus secreted surfactins and iturins. These results suggested that the whole cell in situ MALDI-TOF-MS is a simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate technique for analyzing cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus.